scholarly journals Memoirs: On the Reproductive Processes of the Brandling Worm, Eisenia Foetida. (Sav.)

1926 ◽  
Vol s2-70 (280) ◽  
pp. 559-581
Author(s):  
A. J. GROVE ◽  
L. F. COWLEY
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eisenia Foetida ◽  
Fourth Segment ◽  
Oval Form ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Free Edges

During coition in E. foetida the worms come together in such a way that the clitellum of one embraces segments 8-11 of the other. The whole of the clitellar and interclitellar regions are enclosed in a protective coition slime-tube in which are developed constricting bands at both ends of the clitella. The line of the seminal groove extends from the fifteenth segment to near the posterior end of the clitellum. The seminal fluid travels backwards, beneath the slime-tube, in pit-like depressions of the epidermis, which, on reaching the end of the line of the seminal groove, travel to the ventral side of the clitellum, depositing the sperm between its free edges and the adposed segments. The pit-like depressions appear and travel backwards at the rate of about ten per minute on each side of each worm, making four streams of seminal fluid in all. The sperm-masses are brought over the dorsally placed apertures of the spermathecae by the embracing and releasing, movements of the clitellum. The almost complete embracing of the adposed segments by theclitellum is facilitated by the infolding of the ventral surfaces of these segments. It has been determined that cocoon deposition is a separate process from that of coition. This disposes of Foot's (1898) statement that cocoon formation takes place while the worms are still united, which probably arose from the failure to distinguish between the coition slime-tube and the cocoon slime-tube, and the mistaking of the constricting bands evident during coition for the ends of the cocoons. During cocoon formation the slime-tube is developed, extending from about the seventh to about the thirty-fourth segment. The cocoon membrane is then secreted around the clitellum, which assumes an oval form with a marked constriction posteriorly and a lesser one anteriorly. Whilst the cocoon still surrounds the clitellum the eggs are passed back into it. It is still uncertain, however, whether the spermatozoa similarly pass back into the cocoon or are squeezed into it from the spermathecae during its passage over their apertures. The deposition of the cocoon is effected by the gradual withdrawal of the worm with the exception of the anterior three or four segments, during the freeing of which there usually occur three or four characteristic jerks.

Memoirs: On the Reproductive Processes of Earthworms: Part I. The Process of Copulation and Exchange of Sperms in Eutyphoeus waltoni Mich

1927 ◽  
Vol s2-71 (283) ◽  
pp. 479-502
Author(s):  
KARM NARAYAN BAHL
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spermathecal Duct ◽  
Prostatic Fluid ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Male Genital

1. The method of exchange of the seminal fluid in Eutyphoeus is very simple and direct as compared with the elaborate process in Lumbricus. No intermediate structures like the clitellum and temporary seminal grooves take part in the process in Eutyphoeus. 2. During sexual congress, the co-operating worms become attached to one another in a head-to-tail position in such a way that the spermathecal apertures (7/8) of one are apposed to the penial segment (seventeenth) of the other and vice versa. 3. The male ‘genital pits’ are everted to form ‘genital cups’ and the penis is protruded. The genital cups produce a suction on the area of skin surrounding the spermathecal pores of the co-operating worm, and thus cause the formation of spermathecal papillae. In this way a ‘peg and socket’ joint is formed at four places in a copulating pair and, at each joint, the attachment is intimate, the genital cup closely embracing the spermathecal papilla and the penis penetrating the spermathecal duct. 4. There is a further attachment between the ventral surfaces of the two worms by means of permanent copulating papillae and temporary integumentary outgrowths. 5. The function of the penis as an intromittent organ in Eutyphoeus has been elucidated for the first time and a distinction has been made between ‘functional’ and ‘reserve’ penial setae. 6. The exchange of sperms is mutual. The penes inject both spermatic and prostatic fluids into the spermathecae. The sperms are invariably found in the diverticula and not in the ampulla, which probably contains a secretion of its own epithelium. There is some evidence to believe that the prostatic fluid serves a nutrient medium for the sperms in the seminal chambers of the diverticula.

Memoirs: On the Reproductive Processes of the Earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (274) ◽  
pp. 245-290
Author(s):  
A. J. GROVE
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Earthworm Lumbricus

During the sexual congress of L.terrestris, the co-operating worms become attached to one another in a head-to-tail position in such a way that segments 9-11 of one are opposed to the clitellum of the other, and vice versa. At these points the attachment between the worms is an intimate one, assisted by the secretion of the glands associated with the diverticula of the setal pores found in certain segments, and is reinforced by the mutual penetration of the setae into the opposed body-surfaces. There is also a slighter attachment between segment 26 of one and 15 of the other. Each worm is enclosed in a slime-tube composed of mucus secreted from the epidermis. The exchange of seminal fluid is a mutual one. The fluid issues from the apertures of the vasa deferentia in segment 15, and is conducted beneath the slime-tube in pit-like depressions in the seminal grooves, which extend from segment 15 to the clitellum on each side of the body, to the clitellum, where it accumulates in the space between the lateral surfaces of segments 9-11 of one worm and the clitellum of the other. Eventually it becomes aggregated into masses in the groove between segments 9 and 10, and 10 and 11, and passes thence into the spermathecae. The seminal groove and its pit-like depressions are brought into existence by special muscles lying in the lateral blocks of longitudinal muscles of the body-wall.

The fine structure of the PD proprioceptor of Cancer pagurus II. The position sensitive cells

1973 ◽  
Vol 184 (1075) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Sensitivity ◽  
Narrow Neck ◽  
Cancer Pagurus ◽  
Canal Cell ◽  
Position Sensitive ◽  
Physiological Differences ◽  
Different Levels

The cell bodies of the position sensitive units form a row distal to the movement sensitive cells and their dendrites run in pairs in a narrow neck of tissue on the ventral side of the receptor strand. The scolopidia share the features of elongation and relaxation sensitive movement units. Thus the canal cell is absent, but there is some scolopale material in the enveloping cells. Also the scolopale is apposed by a mixture of strand cells and collagen. The more distal scolopidia are found in a region of large haemocoelic lacunae. The physiological differences between movement and position sensitive units could be explained in terms of how well the dendrites are anchored into the tube; with the position cells possibly being held at different levels with respect to their maximum sensitivity. On the other hand, the dendrites of both types of unit may behave identically and, if so, then the necessary physiological differences could occur in the transduction and/or impulse initiation sites. These alternative explanations are discussed.

An Account of Larval Budding in the Compound Ascidian, Hypsistozoa fasmeriana

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (52) ◽  
pp. 575-589
Author(s):  
BERYL I. BREWIN
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tube ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Maximal Size ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Posterior Position

Larval budding in Hypsistozoa fasmeriana is in many ways unique in the sub-family Holozoinae. The stolon, which projects from the left side of the oozooid, is large (235 µ in diameter, 1.8 mm in length) and reaches maximal size before severance of buds occurs. The buds arise one at a time and 9 to 14 are formed. Test forms rapidly between a newly severed bud and the remainder of the stolon. Thus the buds are moved along an arc of a spiral which runs from the left side of the oozooid somewhat anteriorly across the ventral side and posteriorly up the right side. By the end of bud formation the first-formed bud occupies the most posterior position, lying high up on the right side of the oozooid. Each larval bud develops directly into a blastozooid and by the time the tadpole becomes free-swimming there is a considerable degree of organogenesis. The blastozooids together with the oozooid form a ring of zooids tilted slightly away from the vertical. After metamorphosis of the tadpole this ring becomes horizontal, but the tilt is still maintained with the oozooid occupying the most elevated position. Thus in the young colonies the plane of the head is slightly off the horizontal--an arrangement which persists throughout the life of the colony. The development of larval buds in this ascidian is not delayed until after dedifferentiation of the oozooid, as is the case in the other Holozoinae. The blastozooids function simultaneously with the oozooid. They do not, however, become sexually mature, being presumably of sub-maximal size for the species. The newly severed bud differs from that of other Holozoinae in having an extensive epicardial tube and a thick mesenchymal layer of densely granulated cells. The epicardium of the blastozooid is formed from the posterior end of the original epicardial tube. It remains single. The neural tube arises from the left peribranchial sac. H. fasmeriana forms a close link between the sub-family Holozoinae and the sub-family Polyclininae. It resembles the Holozoinae in form of gut, position and mode of origin of the brood pouch, and position of the cardio-pericardium. It shares with the Polyclininae the post-abdominal position of the gonads as well as the structure and organogenesis of the buds.

On the Ciliary Mechanisms and Interrelationships of Lamellibranches

1943 ◽  
Vol s2-84 (334) ◽  
pp. 187-256
Author(s):  
DAPHNE ATKINS
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Food Groove ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Free Edges

In the gill axes of the Microciliobranchia the most important muscles are longitudinal and transverse. The longitudinal muscles are: (a) those extending from one extremity of the gill axis to the other, inserted on the shell anteriorly, and (b) those in the free posterior portion of the axis, inserted on the shell where the axis becomes attached. Together these muscles act as branchial retractors. Withdrawal of the gills prevents (a) their being caught and crushed by the edges of the shell when the valves are suddenly closed, and (b) excessive fouling with sudden intake of muddy or noxious water. The transverse muscles below the chitinous structure arching the axial food groove serve to draw the demibranchs of a gill together, while those above the arch serve to separate them. Such swaying movements of the demibranchs serve to rid them of unwanted material. In the demibranchs are:--(1) muscles of the free edges. These include (a) muscles responsible for movements of the walls of the food grooves, and (b) longitudinal muscles, which effect antero-posterior contraction and assist the longitudinal muscles of the axis in retraction of the gills; (2) vertical muscles of the demibranchs, found chiefly in the Pteriacea, and responsible for dorso-ventral contraction of the demibranchs; (3) muscles of the interlamellar junctions serving to draw the two lamellae of a demibranch together, expelling the contained water; (4) horizontal muscles of the lamellae, present in forms with plicate and heterorhabdic gills and effecting by their action changes in shape of the frontal surface of the principal filaments and movements of the plicae important in connexion with the ciliary sorting mechanism; their contraction increases the folding of the lamellae and decreases the length of the gill: and (5) fine muscle-fibres forming the intrafilamentar ‘septum’.

scholarly journals Role of Vitamin E on Indomethacin induced low pH of Seminal Fluid in Long Evans Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Md Jahangir Alam ◽  
Humaira Naushaba ◽  
Uttam Kumar Paul ◽  
Tahmina Begum ◽  
Sunjida Shahriah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Testicular Damage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Different Doses

Context: Indomethacin is the most commonly and widely used nonsteroidal antinflammatory analgesic and antipyretic drug. Though it is effective drug in various diseases, indomethacin causes inhibition of spermatogenesis by lowering the pH of seminal fluid leading to infertility. On the other hand, vitamin E enhances spermatogenesis by increasing pH of the seminal fluid. Therefore, the present study was designed to observe the protective role of vitamin E on indomethacin induced low pH of seminal fluid in testicular damage. Objective: To observe the effects of vitamin E on indomethacin induced low pH of seminal fluid in testicular damage in Long Evans rats. Study design: An experimental study. Place and period of study: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka in the period of August, 2005 to June, 2006. Materials and methods: Eightyfour mature Long Evans male rats were divided into four groups (I, II, III and IV). The rats of group I, II and III were treated with indomethacin at different doses and duration. Group IV rats were treated with indomethacin plus vitamin E at different doses for 49 days. The pH of seminal fluid were measured biochemically. Results: There was significant reduction (P<0.001) of pH of seminal fluid when the rats were treated with indomethacin at low (2 mg/kg body weight/day) and high (10 mg/kg body weight/day) doses for 7, 14 and 42 days, respectively. On the other hand, rats treated with indomethacin plus vitamin E for 49 days showed increase in pH of seminal fluid compared to other groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that vitamin E has potential role in the prevention of the antispermatogenic effects of indomethacin by increasing the pH of seminal fluid. Key words: seminal fluid; indomethacin; vitamin E   DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i1.6103 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2010, Vol. 8 No. 1 pp. 13-15

scholarly journals Quantitative immunoassay for complexes of prostate-specific antigen with alpha2-macroglobulin

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
F España ◽  
J Sánchez-Cuenca ◽  
A Estellés ◽  
J Gilabert ◽  
J H Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Free Psa ◽  
Quantitative Immunoassay

Abstract We have developed two ELISAs for quantifying complexes of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), using partially purified PSA:alpha2M complex as the calibrator. One ELISA was designed to evaluate )SA:alpha2M complex in fluids containing a huge excess of PSA over the amount of complex (semen-derived fluids), the other for use in fluids containing an excess of alpha2M over PSA (blood plasma). The range of the assays was 2-1000 micrograms/L for PSA complexed to alpha2M; the detection limit was 3 micrograms/: Intra- and interassay CVs were 7-13% and 11-17%, respectively, at complexed PSA concentrations of 6-500 micrograms/L. Seminal fluid from healthy men (n = 60) contained 5.2 +/- 2.6 micrograms/L PSA complexed with alpha2M. Prostatic and seminal vesicle fluids contained 6.5 +/- 2.9 ad 0.3 +/- 0.2 mg/L PSA complexed to alpha2M, respectively. When purified PSA was incubated with citrated plasma, between 45% and 65% of the added PSA was recovered as free PSA, whereas approximately 25% formed complexes with alpha2M, 10% complexed with alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and only 0.1-6% was complexed with protein C inhibitor. Of 30 patients with prostate disease, 20 showed detectable plasma PSA:alpha2M complexes; however, the potential diagnostic significance of this complex requires further investigation.

scholarly journals THE NERVOUS MECHANISM OF COORDINATION IN THE CRINOID, ANTEDON ROSACEUS

1924 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Side ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Reciprocal Inhibition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dynamic Symmetry ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Stimulation causes Antedon to swim by means of alternate oral bending and dorsal stroke of the arms. Two arms of a given ray move alternately so that while one is executing the aboral stroke its mate is flexing ventrally. This implies reciprocal inhibition. 2. Recriprocal inhibition between the two arms of an isolated ray can be abolished by the use of either strychnine or nicotine. 3. Coordination between the rays is referable to the conducting properties of the nervous pentagon which connects the five rays. In this system an impulse loses in effectiveness as it passes from the point of origin. 4. When Antedon is made to rest oral face down on the floor of an aquarium, oral flexion of all the rays, swimming movements, and righting result. Antedon is therefore negatively stereotropic with reference to its ventral side. 5. Excitation of the dorsal cirri results in aboral bending of all the rays. Stimulation of the cirri inhibits ventral flexion to the extent of preventing righting movements while on the other hand stimulation of the ventral surface inhibits the grasp reflex of the cirri. Thus oral and aboral sides of Antedon exhibit dynamic symmetry although structurally dissimilar.

scholarly journals Sex peptide of Drosophila melanogaster males is a global regulator of reproductive processes in females

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1746) ◽  
pp. 4423-4432 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gioti ◽  
S. Wigby ◽  
B. Wertheim ◽  
E. Schuster ◽  
P. Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Sex Peptide ◽  
Efficient Induction ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Female Behaviour ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) alter female behaviour and physiology and can mediate sexual conflict. In Drosophila melanogaster , a single Sfp, the sex peptide (SP), triggers remarkable post-mating responses in females, including altered fecundity, feeding, immunity and sexual receptivity. These effects can favour the evolutionary interests of males while generating costs in females. We tested the hypothesis that SP is an upstream master-regulator able to induce diverse phenotypes through efficient induction of widespread transcriptional changes in females. We profiled mRNA responses to SP in adult female abdomen (Abd) and head+thorax (HT) tissues using microarrays at 3 and 6 h following mating. SP elicited a rich, subtle signature of temporally and spatially controlled mRNAs. There were significant alterations to genes linked to egg development, early embryogenesis, immunity, nutrient sensing, behaviour and, unexpectedly, phototransduction. There was substantially more variation in the direction of differential expression across time points in the HT versus Abd. The results support the idea that SP is an important regulator of gene expression in females. The expression of many genes in one sex can therefore be under the influence of a regulator expressed in the other. This could influence the extent of sexual conflict both within and between loci.

scholarly journals The Drosophila melanogaster Seminal Fluid Protease “Seminase” Regulates Proteolytic and Post-Mating Reproductive Processes

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e1002435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke A. LaFlamme ◽  
K. Ravi Ram ◽  
Mariana F. Wolfner
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Reproductive Processes
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