Morphological and Histochemical Studies of the Chromatoid Body and Related Elements in the Spermatogenesis of the Rat

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (60) ◽  
pp. 495-506
Author(s):  
BHUPINDER N. SUD
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Chromatoid Body ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Caudal Region ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Late Stages

In the spermatogenesis of the rat the chromatoid body is present during the growth of the primary and secondary spermatocytes, disappears at telophase of both the meiotic divisions, and is absent during interkinesis. It is reconstructed during the early stages of spermateleosis but after the elongation and condensation of the nucleus it gradually becomes smaller and disappears. Simultaneously, in the caudal region von Ebner's stainable granules appear and gradually fuse together to form a single voluminous body, Regaud's sphère chromatophile, which is discarded with the residual body and is phagocytosed by the Sertoli cell. The histochemical studies reveal that the chromatoid body, von Ebner's stainable granules, and the sphère chromatophile are similar in composition. They consist mainly of RNA and proteins, and this suggests that they may be centres of protein synthesis. The RNA content of von Ebner's stainable granules and the sphère chromatophile appears to be higher than that of the chromatoid body. This probably means that there is a progressive decrease in the protein component of the chromatoid material. Also there is a distinct change in the chemical composition of the protein component of the chroma tin during the late stages of spermateleosis. It is tentatively suggested that the function of the chromatoid material may be to provide basic proteins for the final maturation of the chromatin of the late spermatid. It appears that the chromatoid elements originate from the ground cytoplasm and disappear by merging into the latter. An enigmatic granular satellite has been found associated with the chromatoid body. It differs from the latter in its chemical composition.

scholarly journals The ‘Chromatoid Body’ in Spermatogenesis

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (58) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
BHUPINDER N. SUD
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Primary Spermatocyte ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Chromatoid Body ◽  
Acid Dyes ◽  
Basic Proteins ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
First Time

The chromatoid body was discovered by von Brunn (1876) in the cytoplasm of the young spermatid in the white rat. It was first described in a marsupial by KorfT (1902), in a vertebrate other than mammals by the Schreiners (1905, 1908), and in an invertebrate by Bösenberg (1905). The word chromatoide was first used in connexion with spermatogenesis by Benda (1891), who called this cytoplasmic inclusion der chromatoide Nebenkörper. The German authors generally call it der chromatoide Körper, the French authors corps chromatoïde. Wilson (1913) referred to it as the chromatoid body and it is generally given this name in papers written in English, though the expression ‘chromatic body’ is sometimes used. It is suggested that the ‘residual body’ described by Gresson and Zlotnik (1945) is identical with the chromatoid body of other authors. In most species the chromatoid body is spherical or ovoid but in some it assumes other forms as well and in a few it is never spherical or ovoid. The chromatoid body is usually single in each cell, but sometimes there are 2 or 3 and in a few there are many. In living cell the chromatoid body generally gives a low phase-change, and is invisible or almost invisible when studied by direct microscopy. In the Mammalia, however, it gives a higher phase-change. The chromatoid body is highly resistant to acetic acid. It is deeply stained by basic dyes and basic dye-lakes. It is also stained intensely by acid dyes. The chromatoid body cannot in most cases be blackened by silver or long osmication techniques. The histochemical reactions show that the chromatoid body consists mainly of RNA and basic proteins rich in arginine. There is little or no tyrosine. Lipid, carbohydrates, DNA, alkaline phosphatase, and calcium are not shown by histochemical techniques. As a rule the chromatoid body is homogeneous but in some cases it has a cortex and a medulla. In many cases it is surrounded by a clear, vacuole-like space. Under the electron microscope it has been seen as an opaque irregular body, as an irregular mass of closely aggregated, dense, osmiophil granules, or as a faintly electron-opaque body. The chromatoid body has so far been recorded in certain species of mammals, a bird, reptiles, cyclostomes, Crustacea, insects, and arachnids. In most cases it appears for the first time during the growth of the primary spermatocyte. Its presence in the spermatid has been recorded in practically all cases. With a few exceptions it has not been found to take any obvious part in the final make-up of the spermatozoon. The chromatoid body in most cases seems to disappear at the metaphases of meiosis and to be later reconstructed in the daughter cells. The chromatoid body probably originates from the ground cytoplasm. On the basis of histochemical studies it is tentatively suggested that the function of the chromatoid body may be to provide basic proteins for the final maturation of the chromatin in the nucleus of late spermatids. Certain authors have considered that a cytoplasmic inclusion occurring in the young (and in some cases mature) spermatozooids of certain liverworts, mosses, and a gymnosperm is to be regarded as the homologue of the chromatoid body. Reasons are given for denying this supposed homology.

Progressive decrease in protein synthesis accuracy induced by streptomycin in Escherichia coli

Nature ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 254 (5496) ◽  
pp. 161-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. BRANSCOMB ◽  
D. J. GALAS
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Progressive Decrease

scholarly journals Effect of lead acetate on Sertoli cell lactate production and protein synthesis in vitro

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layla I. Batarseh ◽  
Michael J. Welsh ◽  
Michael J. Brabec
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Lactate Production

Growth and chemical composition of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis). 2. Chemical composition, with special reference to cations, as affected by the principal constituent elements of molybdenized superphosphate

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
CT Gates ◽  
JR Wilson ◽  
NH Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Cation Composition ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Wide Range

The chemical composition of Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K. in response to a factorial combination of phosphorus, sulphur, molybdenum, and calcium carbonate treatments was studied with special reference to cation composition and protein synthesis. The aim was to assess the potential of S. humilis to adapt to a wide range of nutrient treatments. Protein synthesis was enhanced by high phosphorus-high sulphur treatments, and was accompanied by a low soluble : residual nitrogen ratio. This occurred despite the development of an apparent potassium shortage at this treatment combination. High phosphorus-high sulphur plants had low potassium : sodium ratios, and, although large, their potassium content was below critical levels (9-14 m.-equiv. per 100g). Potassium was partially substituted for by sodium and to a lesser degree by magnesium under these conditions. Although high protein levels were achieved, the full potential for protein synthesis did not seem to be attained by reason of the potassium shortage which developed. S. humilis was able to grow and fix significant quantities of nitrogen that bore a close relation at all levels to the wide range in chemical composition and yield response that developed with treatment.

Desiccation and the switch from seed development to germination. Alfalfa embryos can synthesize storage proteins after germination if maturation drying is prevented

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Xu ◽  
J. D. Bewley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Storage Protein ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Protein Gene ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Late Stages

AbstractStorage proteins (2S, 7S and 11S) are synthesized at the mid- to late stages of development in alfalfa seeds, mainly within the embryos. Mature dry seeds cannot synthesize these proteins upon subsequent germination and growth. When embryos were isolated from the seed during development (stages VII and VIII) and placed on water or nutrient medium, they germinated. They exhibited a pattern of protein synthesis which was identifiable as germinative/post-germinative, and was identical to the pattern synthesized in embryos of germinated dry seeds, and of embryos from seeds that were subjected to drying prematurely at stages VII and VIII. When, after 48 h from the start of imbibition, abscisic acid or osmoticum was introduced to germinated embryos isolated at stage VII and not desiccated, the synthesis of the 11S storage protein was restored to a rate comparable to that of stage-VII embryos before isolation. This was accompanied by an increase in transcription of the 11S storage protein gene. Transfer of germinated stage-VII embryos, which had first been desiccated, to abscisic acid or osmoticum 48 h after imbibition started did not result in any restoration of storage protein synthesis. Thus, desiccation, prematurely or at maturation, off-regulates storage protein synthesis and within the embryos this process is no longer responsive to abscisic acid or osmoticum.

scholarly journals High-temperature aquamarine from vugless granite pegmatites of the Suprunovskoye deposit Irkutsk oblast, Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 750-756
Author(s):  
E. I. Gerasimova ◽  
V. Yu. Prokofiev ◽  
S. Z. Smirnov ◽  
T. N. Kovalskaya
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Melt Inclusions ◽  
Silicate Melt ◽  
Irkutsk Oblast ◽  
Silicate Liquid ◽  
Granitic Magmatism ◽  
Fluid And Melt Inclusions ◽  
Late Stages

New data on the chemical composition were obtained for the aquamarine of the Suprunovskoye deposit: SiO2 66.10; Na2O 0.51; Al2O3 17.99; MgO 0.37; K2O 0.03; CaO 0.02; FeO 0.58; BeOcalc. 13.70 (wt%) and fluid and melt inclusions were investigated. Defined that aquamarine was formed in the late stages of granitic magmatism from a specific pegmatite silicate melt or water-silicate liquid enriched with water (>7 wt%), heavy REE (La/Yb = 0.48), lithium, but depleted in fluorine and boron at temperatures of about 700ºС and a pressure of about 6 kbar.

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