5-hydroxytryptamine in the salivary glands of adult female Aedes aegypti and its role in regulation of salivation.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Novak ◽  
J M Ribeiro ◽  
J G Hildebrand
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Medial Lobe ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
And Control

A dense plexus of axons, immunoreactive to antisera against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and surrounding the proximal medial lobe of the salivary gland of adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, was demonstrated by means of whole-mount fluorescence immunocytochemistry. This innervation originates in the stomatogastric nervous system. 5-HT-immunoreactive innervation is absent in male salivary glands, suggesting that 5-HT is involved in blood-feeding. Furthermore, female mosquitoes treated with the 5-HT-depleting agent alpha-methyltryptophan (AMTP) and then allowed to feed on a rat exhibited a significantly longer mean probing period and a lower blood-feeding success rate than did control mosquitoes. When female mosquitoes were experimentally induced to salivate into mineral oil, AMTP-treated individuals secreted significantly less saliva than did control mosquitoes. These samples of saliva also contained significantly lower concentrations of apyrase, an enzyme important in blood-feeding. Injection of 5-HT into both AMTP-treated and control mosquitoes elicited significant increases in the volume of secreted saliva and/or its apyrase content. We conclude that 5-HT plays an important role in the control of salivation in adult female A. aegypti.

SALIVARY GLANDS OF FEMALE CULEX PIPIENS: MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MATURATION AND BLOOD-FEEDING

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 1153-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Barrow ◽  
S. B. McIver ◽  
K. A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Medial Lobe ◽  
Complete Development

AbstractThe salivary glands of female Culex pipiens L each consist of three lobes divisible into five regions. Fine structure indicates that two regions may be involved in solute-linked water transport and three regions may have a glandular function. The fine structure is similar to that reported for Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. In C. pipiens, an axon of presumed neurosecretory function was found associated with the neck region of the medial lobe.Complete development of the salivary glands occurs between the first and fifth days of adulthood. Morphological changes associated with blood-feeding were limited to the presence or absence of the salivary secretions in the apical cavities and duct lumen. During blood-feeding the contents of two of the glandular regions are voided, being replenished within 24 h Results are related to previous histochemical studies of the salivary glands of mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Characterization of a vasodilator from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti

1992 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Aortic Ring ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Vasodilatory Activity ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

Salivary gland homogenates and oil-induced saliva of the mosquito Aedes aegypti dilate the rabbit aortic ring and contract the guinea pig ileum. The vasodilatory activity is endothelium-dependent, heat-stable, sensitive to both trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments, and both smooth muscle activities cross-desensitize to the tachykinin peptide substance P. Both bioactivities co-elute when salivary gland homogenates are fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC. Molecular sieving chromatography indicates a relative molecular mass of 1400. A monoclonal antibody specific to the carboxy terminal region of tachykinins reacts with material in the posterior part of the central lobe of paraformaldehyde-fixed salivary glands. The presence of a vasodilatory peptide of the tachykinin family in the salivary glands of A. aegypti is proposed and its role in blood feeding is discussed.

scholarly journals The salivary catechol oxidase/peroxidase activities of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus

1993 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-287
Author(s):  
J. M. Ribeiro ◽  
R. H. Nussenzveig
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Catechol Oxidase ◽  
Anopheles Albimanus ◽  
Tissue Destruction

Salivary gland homogenates from adult female Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes relaxed aortic rings preconstricted with noradrenaline (NA). This relaxation is slow and is due to destruction of NA. Incubation of NA with the homogenate yielded a product with a spectrum consistent with the corresponding adrenochrome. Oxidation of NA was enhanced by a superoxide generation system and inhibited by the combined action of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Additionally, peroxidase activity on both synthetic (o-dianisidine) and biologically active (serotonin) substrates was also present in the salivary gland homogenates, this latter activity requiring hydrogen peroxide. Noradrenaline oxidation, serotonin and o-dianisidine peroxidation and vasodilation all co-elute with a heme protein of relative molecular mass 50,000, as determined by molecular sieving chromatography. Peroxidase activity was localized in the posterior (female-specific) lobes of salivary glands and was also detected in nitrocellulose membranes probed by hungry mosquitoes. Protein and peroxidase activities were significantly lower in salivary glands of mosquitoes after probing and feeding on blood. It is suggested that adult female Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes contain a salivary heme peroxidase that functions during blood finding and blood feeding by destroying hemostatically active biogenic amines released by the vertebrate host during tissue destruction.

The effects of sublethal doses of hexaflumuron on the feeding behaviour of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vasuki
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Sublethal Doses

AbstractThis paper presents the first report on the sublethal effect of an insect growth regulator (IGR), hexaflumuron, on the feeding behaviour of vector mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Anopheles stephensi Liston. Percentage engorgement and feeding behaviour of the adults of the three species emerged after sublethal exposures at the larval and pupal stages were markedly affected. Depression in blood feeding was significantly higher in Aedes aegypti with lower blood engorgement ratio. The proportion of females that failed to take a blood meal was higher in A. aegypti (30.2%) than in the other species when pupae had been exposed to 0.05 mg/1 hexaflumuron. Depression in blood feeding was probably due to abnormalities in the functioning of the mouth parts and feeding behaviour. No adverse effect on the feeding activity was noticed in the F1 generation of the treated species.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Proteomics of Aedes Aegypti Salivary Glands Infected With DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV Reveal Virus-Specific and Broad Antiviral Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avisha Chowdhury ◽  
Cassandra Marie Modahl ◽  
Dorothée Misse ◽  
R. Manjunatha Kini ◽  
Julien Pompon
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Antiviral Protein ◽  
Uncharacterized Protein ◽  
Antiviral Function

Abstract Arboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses infect close to half a billion people per year, and are transmitted through Aedes aegypti bites. Infection-induced changes in mosquito salivary glands (SG) influence transmission by inducing immunity, which restricts virus replication, and by altering saliva composition, which influences skin infection. Here, we profiled SG responses to DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infections by using high-resolution quantitative proteomics. We identified 218 proteins related to immunity, blood-feeding or cellular machinery. We observed that 58, 27 and 29 proteins were regulated by DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infections, respectively. While the regulation patterns were mostly virus-specific, we determined the function of four uncharacterized proteins that were upregulated by all three viruses. We revealed the anti-ZIKV function of gamma-interferon responsive lysosomal thiol-like (GILT-like), the anti-CHIKV function of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the pro-ZIKV function of salivary gland surface protein 1 (SGS1) and the antiviral function against all three viruses of an uncharacterized protein we called salivary gland broad-spectrum antiviral protein (SGBAP). The comprehensive description of SG responses to three global pathogenic viruses and the identification of new restriction factors improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing transmission.

SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF MOSQUITOES AND OTHER BLOOD-FEEDING INSECTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Gut Contents

Tests for anticoagulating, agglutinating, and lytic factors were performed on the gut contents of blood engorged specimens and on the salivary gland homogenates of several species of mosquitoes and other blood-feeding insects. The results suggest that these factors are commonly present in the salivary glands but may vary in concentration with the species. The anticoagulin was absent in female Aedes aegypti whose salivary ducts had been cut; some of the duct-cut insects had difficulty in probing, but were able to produce viable eggs and to feed again. The utilization of the blood meal in the absence of saliva is discussed.

scholarly journals High resolution proteomics of Aedes aegypti salivary glands infected with either dengue, Zika or chikungunya viruses identify new virus specific and broad antiviral factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avisha Chowdhury ◽  
Cassandra M. Modahl ◽  
Dorothée Missé ◽  
R. Manjunatha Kini ◽  
Julien Pompon
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Antiviral Protein

AbstractArboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses infect close to half a billion people per year, and are primarily transmitted through Aedes aegypti bites. Infection-induced changes in mosquito salivary glands (SG) influence transmission by inducing antiviral immunity, which restricts virus replication in the vector, and by altering saliva composition, which influences skin infection. Here, we profiled SG proteome responses to DENV serotype 2 (DENV2), ZIKV and CHIKV infections by using high-resolution isobaric-tagged quantitative proteomics. We identified 218 proteins with putative functions in immunity, blood-feeding or related to the cellular machinery. We observed that 58, 27 and 29 proteins were regulated by DENV2, ZIKV and CHIKV infections, respectively. While the regulation patterns were mostly virus-specific, we separately depleted four uncharacterized proteins that were upregulated by all three viral infections to determine their effects on these viral infections. Our study suggests that gamma-interferon responsive lysosomal thiol-like (GILT-like) has an anti-ZIKV effect, adenosine deaminase (ADA) has an anti-CHIKV effect, salivary gland surface protein 1 (SGS1) has a pro-ZIKV effect and salivary gland broad-spectrum antiviral protein (SGBAP) has an antiviral effect against all three viruses. The comprehensive description of SG responses to three global pathogenic viruses and the identification of new restriction factors improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing transmission.

THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF AEDES AEGYPTI HISTOLOGICAL–HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. M. Orr ◽  
Anne Hudson ◽  
A. S. West
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Central Lobe

The maturation of the salivary glands in adult mosquitoes was studied from histological preparations. A striking sexual dimorphism in the glands apparently reflects the blood-feeding habits of the female. The glands of the female undergo a dramatic development, following emergence, whereas those of the male remain small and show little change. Three main regions of secretory activity differentiate in the female: the necks and the acini proper of the lateral lobes and the acinus of the central lobe. These areas are characterized by histochemical criteria. A cycle of secretory activity occurs after ingestion of blood. The possible functions of the secretion products are discussed.

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