Sarcomere length operating range of vertebrate muscles during movement

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (9) ◽  
pp. 1529-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Burkholder ◽  
R.L. Lieber
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Operating Range ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Rigor State ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Length Changes

The force generated by skeletal muscle varies with sarcomere length and velocity. An understanding of the sarcomere length changes that occur during movement provides insights into the physiological importance of this relationship and may provide insights into the design of certain muscle/joint combinations. The purpose of this review is to summarize and analyze the available literature regarding published sarcomere length operating ranges reported for various species. Our secondary purpose is to apply analytical techniques to determine whether generalizations can be made regarding the “normal” sarcomere length operating range of skeletal muscle. The analysis suggests that many muscles operate over a narrow range of sarcomere lengths, covering 94+/−13 % of optimal sarcomere length. Sarcomere length measurements are found to be systematically influenced by the rigor state and methods used to make these measurements.

METABOLIC RESPONSE TO MALE HORMONE AND THYROID ACTIVITY IN THE INDIAN GARDEN LIZARD, CALOTES VERSICOLOR

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHA CHANDOLA ◽  
D. SURESH KUMAR ◽  
J. P. THAPLIYAL
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Tissue Oxygen ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Calotes Versicolor ◽  
Isolated Liver ◽  
Male Hormone

SUMMARY Thyroidectomy and orchidectomy led to significant reduction in the oxidative metabolism of isolated liver and skeletal muscle tissue (at 30 °C) in Calotes versicolor. Thyroxine and male hormone were shown to increase this parameter in intact and orchidectomized lizards respectively. The effects of thyroidectomy and orchidectomy on tissue oxygen uptake were not additive. It is supposed that by its effect on oxidative metabolism male hormone may be of a greater physiological importance for reptiles than for other vertebrates. The present results show also that changes in environmental temperature can counteract the depressive effect of orchidectomy on the thyroid of this species of lizard.

Effects of Skeletal Muscle Sarcomere Length onin VivoCapillary Distensibility

1999 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey A. Kindig ◽  
David C. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sarcomere Length

Pulsatile Pressure and Flow in the Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Yan Lee ◽  
G. W. Schmid-Scho¨nbein
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Pulsatile Pressure ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation

Although blood flow in the microcirculation of the rat skeletal muscle has negligible inertia forces with very low Reynolds number and Womersley parameter, time-dependent pressure and flow variations can be observed. Such phenomena include, for example, arterial flow overshoot following a step arterial pressure, a gradual arterial pressure reduction for a step flow, or hysteresis between pressure and flow when a pulsatile pressure is applied. Arterial and venous flows do not follow the same time course during such transients. A theoretical analysis is presented for these phenomena using a microvessel with distensible viscoelastic walls and purely viscous flow subject to time variant arterial pressures. The results indicate that the vessel distensibility plays an important role in such time-dependent microvascular flow and the effects are of central physiological importance during normal muscle perfusion. In-vivo whole organ pressure-flow data in the dilated rat gracilis muscle agree in the time course with the theoretical predictions. Hemodynamic impedances of the skeletal muscle microcirculation are investigated for small arterial and venous pressure amplitudes superimposed on an initial steady flow and pressure drop along the vessel.

In vivo microvascular structural and functional consequences of muscle length changes

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (5) ◽  
pp. H2107-H2114 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Poole ◽  
T. I. Musch ◽  
C. A. Kindig
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Capillary Diameter ◽  
Luminal Diameter ◽  
Length Changes

As muscles are stretched, blood flow and oxygen delivery are compromised, and consequently muscle function is impaired. We tested the hypothesis that the structural microvascular sequellae associated with muscle extension in vivo would impair capillary red blood cell hemodynamics. We developed an intravital spinotrapezius preparation that facilitated direct on-line measurement and alteration of sarcomere length simultaneously with determination of capillary geometry and red blood cell flow dynamics. The range of spinotrapezius sarcomere lengths achievable in vivo was 2.17 +/- 0.05 to 3.13 +/- 0.11 microns. Capillary tortuosity decreased systematically with increases of sarcomere length up to 2.6 microns, at which point most capillaries appeared to be highly oriented along the fiber longitudinal axis. Further increases in sarcomere length above this value reduced mean capillary diameter from 5.61 +/- 0.03 microns at 2.4-2.6 microns sarcomere length to 4.12 +/- 0.05 microns at 3.2-3.4 microns sarcomere length. Over the range of physiological sarcomere lengths, bulk blood flow (radioactive microspheres) decreased approximately 40% from 24.3 +/- 7.5 to 14.5 +/- 4.6 ml.100 g-1.min-1. The proportion of continuously perfused capillaries, i.e., those with continuous flow throughout the 60-s observation period, decreased from 95.9 +/- 0.6% at the shortest sarcomere lengths to 56.5 +/- 0.7% at the longest sarcomere lengths and was correlated significantly with the reduced capillary diameter (r = 0.711, P < 0.01; n = 18). We conclude that alterations in capillary geometry and luminal diameter consequent to increased muscle sarcomere length are associated with a reduction in mean capillary red blood cell velocity and a greater proportion of capillaries in which red blood cell flow is stopped or intermittent. Thus not only does muscle stretching reduce bulk blood (and oxygen) delivery, it also alters capillary red blood cell flow dynamics, which may further impair blood-tissue oxygen exchange.

Skeletal muscle beta-adrenergic receptors: variations due to fiber type and training

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (2) ◽  
pp. E160-E167 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Williams ◽  
M. G. Caron ◽  
K. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Beta Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Physiological Importance

To determine the relationship between oxidative capacity and characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta AR) in skeletal muscle, selected biochemical variables were quantitated in particulate preparations from soleus and gastrocnemius muscle from rats subjected to 10 wk of treadmill running and from three control groups: free-fed, sedentary controls; food-restricted, pair-weighted controls; and animals trained by swimming. Beta AR density and isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were considerably greater in the slow-twitch oxidative soleus muscle than in the mixed fiber type gastrocnemius in animals from each group (P less than 0.005). Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of gastrocnemius was increased 23-42% (P less than 0.05) in runners over each of the control groups, concommitantly with a 15-27% increase (P less than 0.05) in beta AR density (Bmax for binding of 125I-cyanopindolol). In 24 animals from all four treatment groups, there was a significant correlation between SDH activity and beta AR density (r = 0.68; P less than 0.001). We conclude that BAR density correlates positively with oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle, but further studies are required to determine the physiological importance of these differences.

Effect of sarcomere length on total capillary length in skeletal muscle: In vivo evidence for longitudinal stretching of capillaries

1990 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Ellis ◽  
O. Mathieu-Costello ◽  
R.F. Potter ◽  
I.C. MacDonald ◽  
A.C. Groom
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Capillary Length

Tissue distribution of immunoreactive mouse extracellular superoxide dismutase

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. C840-C847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Ookawara ◽  
Nobuo Imazeki ◽  
Osamu Matsubara ◽  
Takako Kizaki ◽  
Shuji Oh-Ishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Vascular Walls ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
White Fat

Protein content and mRNA expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) were investigated in 16 mouse tissues. We developed a double-antibody sandwich ELISA using the affinity-purified IgG against native mouse EC-SOD. EC-SOD could be detected in all of the tissues examined (lung, kidney, testis, brown fat, liver, adrenal gland, pancreas, colon, white fat, thymus, stomach, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle, ileum, and brain, in decreasing order of content measured as μg/g wet tissue). Lung showed a markedly higher value of EC-SOD than other tissues. Interestingly, white fat had a high content of EC-SOD in terms of micrograms per milligram protein, which corresponded to that of lung. Kidney showed the strongest expression of EC-SOD mRNA. Relatively strong expression of the mRNA was observed in lung, white fat, adrenal gland, brown fat, and testis. Heart and brain showed only weak signals, and no such expression could be detected in either digestive organs or skeletal muscle. Immunohistochemically, EC-SOD was localized mainly to connective tissues and vascular walls in the tissues examined. Deep staining in the cytosol was observed in the cortical tubular cells of kidney. These results suggest that EC-SOD is distributed systemically in mice and that the physiological importance of this enzyme may be a compensatory adaptation to oxidative stress, particularly in lung and kidney.

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