scholarly journals In Vivo Measurements of Lung Volumes in Ringed Seals: Insights from Biomedical Imaging

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.235507
Author(s):  
Holly Hermann-Sorensen ◽  
Nicole M. Thometz ◽  
Kathleen Woodie ◽  
Sophie Dennison-Gibby ◽  
Colleen Reichmuth
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Imaging ◽  
Oxygen Storage ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Buoyant Force ◽  
Ringed Seals ◽  
Oxygen Stores ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Volume

Marine mammals rely on oxygen stored in blood, muscle, and lungs to support breath-hold diving and foraging at sea. Here, we used biomedical imaging to examine lung oxygen stores and other key respiratory parameters in living ringed seals (Pusa hispida). Three-dimensional models created from computed tomography (CT) images were used to quantify total lung capacity (TLC), respiratory dead space, minimum air volume, and total body volume to improve assessments of lung oxygen storage capacity, scaling relationships, and buoyant force estimates. Results suggest that lung oxygen stores determined in vivo are smaller than those derived from postmortem measurements. We also demonstrate that—while established allometric relationships hold well for most pinnipeds—these relationships consistently overestimate TLC for the smallest phocid seal. Finally, measures of total body volume reveal differences in body density and net vertical forces in the water column that influence costs associated with diving and foraging in free-ranging seals.

Three-compartment model: critical evaluation based on neutron activation analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. E962-E969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analiza M. Silva ◽  
Wei Shen ◽  
ZiMian Wang ◽  
John F. Aloia ◽  
Miriam E. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Total Body ◽  
3C Model

There is renewed interest in Siri's classic three-compartment (3C) body composition model, requiring body volume (BV) and total body water (TBW) estimates, because dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and in vivo neutron activation (IVNA) systems cannot accommodate subjects with severe obesity. However, the 3C model assumption of a constant ratio (α) of mineral (M) to total body protein (TBPro) and related residual mass density (DRES) based on cadaver analyses might not be valid across groups differing in sex, race, age, and weight. The aim of this study was to derive new 3C model coefficients in vivo and to compare these estimates to those derived by Siri. Healthy adults ( n = 323) were evaluated with IVNA and DEXA and the measured components used to derive α and DRES. For all subjects combined, values of α and DRES (means ± SD, 0.351 ± 0.043; 1.565 ± 0.023 kg/l) were similar to Siri's proposed values of 0.35 and 1.565 kg/l, respectively. However, α and DRES varied significantly as a function of sex, race, weight, and age. Expected errors in percent body fat arising by application of Siri's model were illustrated in a second group of 264 adults, including some whose size exceeded DEXA limits but whose BV and TBW had been measured by hydrodensitometry and 2H2O dilution, respectively. Extrapolation of predictions by newly developed models to very high weights allows percent fat error estimation when Siri's model is applied in morbidly obese subjects. The present study results provide a critical evaluation of potential errors in the classic 3C model and present new formulas for use in selected populations.

Total Body Volume estimates from DXA whole body scans

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Joseph Wilson ◽  
Jennifer Sherman ◽  
John Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Volume ◽  
Volume Estimates

Buoyancy of Atlantic and Pacific Herring

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2077-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien M. Brawn
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Volume ◽  
The Relationship

Pacific and Atlantic herring after adjustment to water 36 cm deep had sinking-factors between 1000 and 1008 and showed an inverse relationship between oil content and swimbladder volume up to 12% oil. At higher oil contents a swimbladder volume between 2.6 and 3.0% of total body volume was maintained. The mean volumes and densities of various components of the Pacific herring held in captivity were: swimbladder gas 4.1% of total volume,.0013 g/ml; oil 3.5%,.926 g/ml; scales 0.5%, 1.966 g/ml; skeleton 1.2%, 1.993 g/ml; rest of fish 90.6%, 1.057 g/ml. These components on the average exerted upward forces of 41.4 and 3.3 dynes/ml of fish due to gas and oil, and downward forces of 4.6, 11.2, and 32.1 dynes/ml due to scales, skeleton, and the rest of the fish respectively. Under natural conditions herring usually have high oil contents so the relationship observed here suggests they have low swimbladder volumes. This combined with a duct direct from the swimbladder to the exterior and the lack of gas secretion would give the herring freedom of vertical movement and a low change of sinking factor with depth.

scholarly journals Trunk body volume as a proportion of total body volume in severely and very severely obese individuals (body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m 2 )

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Wang ◽  
Dympna Gallagher ◽  
John Thornton ◽  
Wen YU ◽  
Rich Weil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Severely Obese ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Volume

scholarly journals Total Body Volume and circumference measurements from Stereo Photographic Digital Topography

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S390
Author(s):  
R. P. Mikat ◽  
P. A. Eisenman ◽  
G. D. Ellis ◽  
S. C. Johnson ◽  
W. A. Sands ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Volume ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Volume

Tracking of the hormonally induced maturation of female eels by computed tomography

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Müller ◽  
T. Molnár ◽  
Éva Szabó ◽  
R. Romvári ◽  
Cs. Hancz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Volume ◽  
Histological Results

Female European eels were kept in artificial seawater for a trial period of 14 weeks. Three fish were injected intra-abdominally with carp pituitary suspension (twice a week) and human chorionic gonadotropin (every 2nd week), with the aim to induce artificial maturation. Three further fish were not treated (control). Fish were not fed during the trial. The treated fish were scanned by computed tomography (CT) every second week (the controls only at the start and at the end of the trial) to follow changes in body composition. Notable decreases were shown in total body pixel number (body volume), total body fat content, total fillet volume and fillet fat content during the experiment. Changes were more pronounced in the treated group than in the control. The abdominal volume strongly increased in the responding fish throughout the trial. The ovary volume increased measurably, while its fat content increased only until the 8th week, after which a decrease was measured. Tissue volumetric estimations of the ovary were also supported by histological results. A so-called volumetric gonadosomatic index (gonad volume/total body volume × 100) was developed for the quantitative characterisation of eel maturation.

Investigating the Surface Area to Volume Ratio (S/V) in Bergmann's Rule

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-432
Author(s):  
Darrell Lynn Ray
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Thermal Regulation ◽  
Bergmann’S Rule ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Bergmann's Rule ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Volume ◽  
Lower Ratio

Students are almost universally interested in animals, and especially endotherms, including mammals and birds. According to Bergmann's rule, endotherms that live in colder climates at higher latitudes are larger than those living in warmer climates. As with most biological principles, hands-on investigation will provide a better understanding of why size is important in endotherm thermal regulation. One easily observable aspect of this principle is that larger organisms have a lower ratio of body surface area to total body volume. This affects how efficiently they can retain or radiate heat, which can be easily tested in the laboratory using commonly available materials. In this activity, simple models of endotherms of different sizes are used to assess the effects of body size on heat loss.

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