Studies on the Permeability To Water Of Selected Marine, Freshwater And Euryhaline Teleosts

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Silver Eel ◽  
As Species

Measurements were made of the flux of tritiated water across various marine, freshwater and euryhaline teleosts. The effects of temperature, body size, species differences, salinity, stress and anaesthetization were studied. 2. The Q10 of the flux of water across teleosts is approximately 1·90 and the flux is related to the 0·88 power of the body weight. 3. All of the freshwater species studied were more permeable to water than the marine species. Euryhaline teleosts appear to have about the same permeability as species to which they are most closely related. 4. While the flounder and the yellow eel are more permeable to water in fresh water than in sea water, the silver eel and the brown trout do not change their permeability and the 3-spined stickleback is less permeable to water in fresh water than in sea water. 5. While stress markedly increases the permeability to water of large brown trout, it has no effect on small brown trout and seems to decrease the water permeability of the plaice. 6. Anaesthetization has no effect on the water permeability of the goldfish but markedly increases the permeability to water of the silver eel. 7. The relationship between the flux of water and either the drinking rate in sea water or the urine flow in fresh water is discussed.

scholarly journals The Physiology of Contractile Vacuoles

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-381
Author(s):  
J. A. KITCHING
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Water Value ◽  
Contractile Vacuoles ◽  
Sustained Increase

1. The rate of output of fluid from the contractile vacuole of a fresh-water Peritrich Ciliate was decreased to a new steady value immediately the organism was placed in a mixture of tap water and sea water. The rate of output returned to its original value immediately the organism was replaced in tap water. The contractile vacuole was stopped when the organism was treated with a mixture containing more than 12 per cent, of sea water. 2. Transference of various species of marine Peritricha from 100 per cent, sea water to mixtures of sea water and tap water led to an immediate increase of the body volume to a new and generally steady value. Return of the organism to 100 per cent, sea water led to an immediate decrease of the body volume to its original value or less. 3. Marine Peritricha showed little change in rate of output when treated with concentrations of sea water between 100 and 75 per cent. In more dilute mixtures the rate of output was immediately increased, and then generally fell off slightly to a new steady value which was still considerably above the original (100 per cent. sea water) value. The maximum sustained increase was approximately x 80. Return of the organism to 100 per cent, sea water led to an immediate return of the rate of output to approximately its original value. 4. When individuals of some marine species were placed in very dilute concentrations of sea water, the pellicle was frequently raised up in blisters by the formation of drops of fluid underneath it, and the contractile vacuole stopped. 5. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that in the lower concentrations of sea water marine forms lost salts. 6. The contractile vacuole probably acts as an osmotic controller in fresh-water Protozoa. Its function in those marine Protozoa in which it occurs remains obscure.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

DROWNING AND THE TREATMENT OF NON-FATAL SUBMERSION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-698
Author(s):  
Jerome Imburg ◽  
Thomas C. Hartney
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Massage ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing

Animal studies have shown that fluid enters the body via the lungs in sea-water and fresh-water drowning. In fresh-water drowning in dogs, there is marked and rapid hemodilution with death due to ventricular fibrillation in about 4 minutes. In sea-water drowning in dogs, there is hemoconcentration; the blood water is lost into the sea water in the lungs with bradycardia and death due to asystole in 6 to 8 minutes. Studies of human drowning victims show similar, but less striking, changes in hemodynamics. In human non-fatal submersion the problems are usually those produced by impaired pulmonary function and central nervous system damage due to hypoxia. Hemodilution and ventricular fibrillation have not been documented in human nonfatal submersion. Therapeutic measures may be divided into those of an immediate urgent nature to be employed at the accident scene: expired air resuscitation, which should be started on reaching the unconscious victim in the water, and external cardiac massage, when indicated. Later measures to be instituted in the hospital include: cardiac resuscitation, intermittent positive-pressure breathing, hypothermia, tracheostomy and tracheal tiolet, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, steroids, and intravenous fluids to correct defects in blood elements (hemoglobin, electrolytes, pH). Later, pulmonary function should be studied for impairment due to alveolar damage and fibrosis. Permanent neurologic sequellae may develop.

scholarly journals Contrasting Toxin Selectivity between the Marine Pufferfish Takifugu pardalis and the Freshwater Pufferfish Pao suvattii

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Gao ◽  
Yoko Kanahara ◽  
Misako Yamada ◽  
Ryohei Tatsuno ◽  
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poison ◽  
Toxin Content ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Strong Contrast

To clarify the differences in toxin selectivity between marine and freshwater pufferfish, we conducted experiments in artificially reared nontoxic specimens of Takifugu pardalis (marine) and Pao suvattii (freshwater) using tetrodotoxin (TTX) and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP; decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) or saxitoxin (STX)). T. pardalis specimens were administered feed homogenate containing TTX or dcSTX (dose of toxin, 55.2 nmol/fish) and P. suvattii specimens were administered feed homogenate containing TTX + STX (dose of each toxin, 19.2 nmol/fish) by oral gavage. The toxin content in the intestine, muscle, skin, liver, and gonads was quantified after 24 and 48 or 72 h. In T. pardalis, TTX administered into the intestine was absorbed into the body and transferred and retained mainly in the skin and liver, while dcSTX was hardly retained in the body, although it partly remained in the intestine. In strong contrast, in P. suvattii, little TTX remained in the body, whereas STX was absorbed into the body and was transferred and retained in the ovary and skin. The findings revealed that TTX/PSP selectivity differs between the marine species T. pardalis and the freshwater species P. suvattii. T. pardalis, which naturally harbors TTX, selectively accumulates TTX, and P. suvattii, which naturally harbors PSP, selectively accumulates PSP.

The Effects of Prolactin and Divalent Ions on the Permeability to Water of Fundulus Kansae

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
W. R. FLEMING
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Divalent Ions ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Ovine Prolactin

1. Measurements have been made of the rate of exchange of tritiated water in both intact and hypophysectomized Fundulus kansae in a variety of media. 2. Hypophysectomy reduces the rate of exchange in fresh water. 3. Low doses (30 mu) of ovine prolactin stimulate water turnover in hypophysectomized fish in fresh water. 4. The rate of exchange declines in both intact and hypophysectomized animals with increasing salinity. 5. Experiments with synthetic solutions show that the decline in the rate of exchange in sea water and in higher salinities is due mainly to the effects of calcium ions. 6. Fishes maintained in synthetic sea water containing a low concentration of calcium have both a higher rate of exchange of tritiated water and a higher drinking rate than fish in normal sea water.

scholarly journals Sodium and Water Balance in the Cichlid Teleost, Tilapia Mossambica

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
M. A. FOSTER ◽  
P. P. RUDY ◽  
G. PARRY HOWELLS
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Water Drinking ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Water Balance ◽  
Total Sodium

1. The total body sodium increases from 45.9 µM/g. fish in fresh water to 59.9 µM/g. fish in 200 % sea water. 2. The rate of exchange of sodium increases from 2 µM/g./hr. in fresh water to 60 µM/g./hr. in 100% sea water. 3. The rate of drinking increases from 0.26%/hr. fresh water to 1.6%/hr. in 400% sea water. Even in 200% sea water drinking accounts for only a quarter of the total sodium influx. 4. The permeability to water, as measured by tritiated water, is highest in fresh water and lowest in 200% sea water. The permeabilities to water measured in this way are consistent with the drinking rates determined in sea water and 200% sea water.

scholarly journals Adaptive Changes of the Water Permeability of the Teleostean Gill Epithelium in Relation to External Salinity

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MOTAIS ◽  
J. ISAIA ◽  
J. C. RANKIN ◽  
J. MAETZ
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Osmotic Water ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
External Salinity

1. Cannulation of afferent and efferent branchial vessels in the eel permitted studies of tritiated water clearance. It was observed that most of the diffusional water flow occurs through the gills. 2. Diffusional and osmotic water flows have been measured in a fresh-water (Carassius), a marine (Serranus) stenohaline fish and in two euryhaline species (Platichthys and Anguilla) adapted to either fresh water or sea water, and are found to be lower than in any comparable epithelia so far studied. 3. The diffusional water flow deduced from THO turnover is significantly smaller in the sea-water fish. 4. The osmotic water flow, determined indirectly by measuring drinking rate and urine flow, is smaller in the sea-water fishes despite a greater osmotic gradient across the gills. 5. Attempts to compare diffusional and osmotic permeabilities for the gill are hindered by our ignorance of the extent of solute (salt)-solvent interaction in the epitheium. It is suggested that the gill of the fresh-water-adapted fishes is semi permeable, while that of the sea-water teleosts may not be, because of the very high ionic exchange across the gill. 6. The surprisingly low diffusional and osmotic permeabilities of the gill epithelium in sea-water fish may be possibly related to the absence of water-filled pores.

scholarly journals Salt and Water Balance in the East African Fresh-Water Crab, Potamon Niloticus (M. Edw.)

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
East African ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. The mechanisms of salt and water balance in the East African fresh-water crab, Potamon niloticus, have been investigated. 2. The freezing-point depression of the blood is equivalent to that of a 271 mM./l. NaCl solution. 3. The animals cannot survive in solutions more concentrated than 75% sea water. Above the normal blood concentration, the blood osmotic pressure follows that of the medium. 4. The urine is iso-osmotic with the blood and is produced at a very slow rate. The potassium content is only half that of the blood. 5. The animal loses sodium at a rate of 8 µM./10 g./hr. mainly through the body surface. Potassium loss occurs at one-sixteenth of this rate. 6. Sodium balance can be maintained at a minimum external concentration of 0.05 mM./l. Potassium requires a concentration of 0.07 mM./l. 7. Active absorption of both sodium and potassium occurs. The rate of uptake of sodium depends on the extent of previous sodium loss. The rate of sodium uptake may be affected by such environmental factors as the salt content of the water, temperature and oxygen tension. 8. The normal oxygen consumption rate is 0.72 mg./10 g./hr. A minimum of 2.3% is used in doing osmotic work to maintain salt balance. 9. The salt and water balance in Potamon is discussed in relation to the adaptation of the Crustacea to fresh water. The importance of permeability changes is stressed.

Water Uptake and Loss in Relation to the Salinity of the Medium in the Amphipod Crustacean Gammarus Duebeni

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-163
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
C. B. E. INMAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Water Saturated

1. The water fluxes across the body surface and the rate of urine production have been studied in the euryhaline amphipod Gammarus duebeni. 2. Urine flow rates (fPOs) have been determined from measurements of loss of [131I]sodium diatrizoate from the body, and the expected urine flow (fPdiff) has been calculated from determinations of the osmotic gradient between blood and medium and the flux of tritiated water. 3. For animals in 2% and 40% sea water the ratio fPOs/fPdiff are 1.16 and 1.44 respectively, and thus approximate fairly closely to unity. This implies that in these media the water subsequently excreted as urine enters the body by osmosis and that there is little interference with the free diffusion of water at the body surface due to passage through long pores or across unstirred layers. 4. In sea water the ratio fPOs/fPdiff is normally (assuming an osmotic gradient of 10 m-osmoles) almost twice unity but urine production is approximately halved when the animals are exposed to sea water saturated with an inhibitor of active sodium uptake (thionine). 5. It is suggested that there is a prima facie case for assuming that part of the fluid subsequently excreted by this species, when in sea water, is taken into the body initially by a process dependent upon active ion transport.

Active Transport and Sodium Fluxes at Moult in the Amphipod, Gammarus Duebeni

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-605
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
W. R. H. ANDREWS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Active Sodium ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
High Level

1. The sodium fluxes of individual Gammarus duebeni, which moulted in sea water, have been followed daily from the morning following moult for at least 6 days. 2. Sodium influx from sea water declined from 15.1µM/animal/hr. on the first morning after moult to 1.7µM/animal/hr. by the tenth day after moult. 3. Sodium influx from 10 mM/l. NaCl plus sucrose solution isotonic with sea water declines from 4.48µM/animal/hr. to 0.14µM/animal/hr. in inter-moult animals. 4. Thionine inhibits over 90% of the influx from 10 mM/l NaCl plus isotonic sucrose on the first day after moult, and this, together with other evidence, suggests that the major part of the influx from this medium is due to active sodium uptake. The rate of active uptake is comparable with, or faster than, the rate of uptake by animals acclimatized to fresh water. 5. The influx occurs primarily across the body surface. It is suggested that the high level of sodium uptake is associated with the water uptake which occurs at moult.

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