Oculomotor Reactions in the Cuttlefish, Sepia Officinalis

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. COLLEWIJN
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Search Coil ◽  
Passive Rotation ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Search Coil Technique ◽  
Better Than

1. Eye position in Sepia was measured in restrained animals, using a scleral search coil technique. 2. Optokinetic nystagmus was elicited by drum rotations from 0.035 up to 35°/sec. 3. Passive rotation of Sepia in darkness evoked a transient nystagmus, followed by after-nystagmus at arrest. 4. Combination of these two stimuli yielded the best results, but the ratio eye velocity/surroundings velocity was usually not better than 0.5. 5. Eye movements were conjugate and a closed eye could be driven by a seeing eye. Monocular reactions were smaller than binocular ones, but equal in both directions. 6. Fixation movements could not be demonstrated in the present conditions.

Neuronal Responses Related to Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in the Periarcuate Cortical Area of Monkeys

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Tanaka ◽  
Kikuro Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Stationary Target ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Eye Velocity

Tanaka, Masaki and Kikuro Fukushima. Neuronal responses related to smooth pursuit eye movements in the periarcuate cortical area of monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 28–47, 1998. To examine how the periarcuate area is involved in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements, we recorded 177 single neurons while monkeys pursued a moving target in the dark. The majority (52%, 92/177) of task-related neurons responded to pursuit but had little or no response to saccades. Histological reconstructions showed that these neurons were located mainly in the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus near the sulcal spur. Twenty-seven percent (48/177) changed their activity at the onset of saccades. Of these, 36 (75%) showed presaccadic burst activity with strong preference for contraversive saccades. Eighteen (10%, 18/177) were classified as eye-position–related neurons, and 11% (19/177) were related to other aspects of the stimuli or response. Among the 92 neurons that responded to pursuit, 85 (92%) were strongly directional with uniformly distributed preferred directions. Further analyses were performed in these directionally sensitive pursuit-related neurons. For 59 neurons that showed distinct changes in activity around the initiation of pursuit, the median latency from target motion was 96 ms and that preceding pursuit was −12 ms, indicating that these neuron can influence the initiation of pursuit. We tested some neurons by briefly extinguishing the tracking target ( n = 39) or controlling its movement with the eye position signal ( n = 24). The distribution of the change in pursuit-related activity was similar to previous data for the dorsomedial part of the medial superior temporal neurons ( Newsome et al. 1988) , indicating that pursuit-related neurons in the periarcuate area also carry extraretinal signals. For 22 neurons, we examined the responses when the animals reversed pursuit direction to distinguish the effects of eye acceleration in the preferred direction from oppositely directed eye velocity. Almost all neurons discharged before eye velocity reached zero, however, only nine neurons discharged before the eyes were accelerated in the preferred direction. The delay in neuronal responses relative to the onset of eye acceleration in these trials might be caused by suppression from oppositely directed pursuit velocity. The results suggest that the periarcuate neurons do not participate in the earliest stage of eye acceleration during the change in pursuit direction, although most of them may participate in the early stages of pursuit initiation in the ordinary step-ramp pursuit trials. Some neurons changed their activity when the animals fixated a stationary target, and this activity could be distinguished easily from the strong pursuit-related responses. Our results suggest that the periarcuate pursuit area carries extraretinal signals and affects the premotor circuitry for smooth pursuit.

Discharge patterns in nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and adjacent medial vestibular nucleus during horizontal eye movement in behaving macaques

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. McFarland ◽  
A. F. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Vestibular Nucleus ◽  
Medial Vestibular Nucleus ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Prepositus Hypoglossi ◽  
Eye Velocity

1. Monkeys were trained to perform a variety of horizontal eye tracking tasks designed to reveal possible eye movement and vestibular sensitivities of neurons in the medulla. To test eye movement sensitivity, we required stationary monkeys to track a small spot that moved horizontally. To test vestibular sensitivity, we rotated the monkeys about a vertical axis and required them to fixate a target rotating with them to suppress the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). 2. All of the 100 units described in our study were recorded from regions of the medulla that were prominently labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the abducens nucleus. These regions include the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), and their common border (the “marginal zone”). We report here the activities of three different types of neurons recorded in these regions. 3. Two types responded only during eye movements per se. Their firing rates increased with eye position; 86% had ipsilateral “on” directions. Almost three quarters (73%) of these medullary neurons exhibited a burst-tonic discharge pattern that is qualitatively similar to that of abducens motoneurons. There were, however, quantitative differences in that these medullary burst-position neurons were less sensitive to eye position than were abducens motoneurons and often did not pause completely for saccades in the off direction. The burst of medullary burst position neurons preceded the saccade by an average of 7.6 +/- 1.7 (SD) ms and, on average, lasted the duration of the saccade. The number of spikes in the burst was well correlated with saccade size. The second type of eye movement neuron displayed either no discernible burst or an inconsistent one for on-direction saccades and will be referred to as medullary position neurons. Neither the burst-position nor the position neurons responded when the animals suppressed the VOR; hence, they displayed no vestibular sensitivity. 4. The third type of neuron was sensitive to both eye movement and vestibular stimulation. These neurons increased their firing rates during horizontal head rotation and smooth pursuit eye movements in the same direction; most (76%) preferred ipsilateral head and eye movements. Their firing rates were approximately in phase with eye velocity during sinusoidal smooth pursuit and with head velocity during VOR suppression; on average, their eye velocity sensitivity was 50% greater than their vestibular sensitivity. Sixty percent of these eye/head velocity cells were also sensitive to eye position. 5. The NPH/MVN region contains many neurons that could provide an eye position signal to abducens neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Eye movements associated with eye closure examined with a scleral search coil technique.

1990 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Seo ◽  
Toshio Ikeda ◽  
Takeo Kumoi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Search Coil ◽  
Eye Closure ◽  
Search Coil Technique

Eye Movements in Cerebellar and Combined Cerebellobrainstem Diseases

1983 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Wennmo ◽  
Bengt Hindfelt ◽  
Ilmari Pyykkö
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Vestibular Nystagmus ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Voluntary Saccades ◽  
Cerebellar Disorders

We report a quantitative analysis of eye movement disturbances in patients with isolated cerebellar disorders and patients with cerebellar disorders and concomitant brainstem involvement. The most characteristic abnormalities in the exclusively cerebellar patients were increased velocities of the slow phases of vestibular nystagmus induced by rotation in the dark and increased peak velocities of the fast phases of optokinetic nystagmus induced by full-field optokinetic stimuli. Dysmetria of saccades was found in three of six cerebellar patients and gaze nystagmus in all six patients. The typical findings in the combined cerebellobrainstem group were reduced peak velocities of voluntary saccades, defective smooth pursuit and reduced peak velocities of the fast component of nystagmus during rotation in both the dark and light. All patients with combined cerebellobrainstem disorder had dysmetric voluntary saccades and gaze nystagmus. The numbers of superimposed saccades during smooth pursuit were uniformly increased. Release of inhibition in cerebellar disorders may explain the hyperresponsiveness and inaccuracy of eye movements found in this study. In addition, when lesions also involve the brainstem, however, integrative centers coding eye velocity are affected, leading to slow and inaccurate eye movements. These features elicited clinically may be useful in the diagnosis of cerebellar and brainstem disorders.

Computing three-dimensional eye position quaternions and eye velocity from search coil signals

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Tweed ◽  
Werner Cadera ◽  
Tutis Vilis
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Search Coil ◽  
Eye Velocity

Independent eye movements in the turtle

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ariel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Accessory Optic System ◽  
Retinal Slip ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Velocity

AbstractIn order to evaluate the normal eye movements of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, the positions of each eye were recorded simultaneously using two search-coil contact lenses. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was strikingly unyoked in this animal such that one eye's slow-phase velocity was substantially independent of that of the other eye. On the other hand, the fast-phase motions of both eyes occurred more or less in synchrony.An eye's slow-phase gain is primarily dependent on the direction and velocity of the stimulus to that eye. Using monocular stimuli, the highest mean gain (0.54 ± 0.047; mean ± standard error of mean) occurred using temporal-to-nasal movement at 2.5 deg/s. The mean OKN gain for nasal-to-temporal movement was only 0.13 ± 0.015 at that velocity. Additionally, using the optimal monocular stimulus (temporal-to-nasal stimulation at 2.5 deg/s) only drove the occluded eye to move nasal-to-temporally at 0.085 deg/s, equivalent to a “gain” of only 0.034 ± 0.011.The binocular OKN gain during rotational stimuli was higher than monocular gain, especially during nasal-to-temporal movement at high velocities. Also the difference in slow-phase eye velocity between the two eyes was smaller during binocular rotational stimuli. In contrast, when each eye simultaneously viewed its temporal-to-nasal stimulus at an equal velocity, two behaviors were observed. Often, OKN alternated between an animal's left eye and right eye. Occasionally, both eyes moved at equal but opposite velocities.These behavioral data provide a quantitative baseline to interpret the properties of the retinal slip information in the turtle's accessory optic system. Those properties are similar to the behavior of the turtle in that both are tuned to direction and velocity independently for each eye (Rosenberg & Ariel, 1990).

Compensatory and Orienting Eye Movements Induced By Off-Vertical Axis Rotation (OVAR) in Monkeys

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 2445-2462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Kushiro ◽  
Mingjia Dai ◽  
Mikhail Kunin ◽  
Sergei B. Yakushin ◽  
Bernard Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Velocity Storage ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Vestibuloocular Reflex ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Axis Rotation ◽  
Eye Velocity

Nystagmus induced by off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) about a head yaw axis is composed of a yaw bias velocity and modulations in eye position and velocity as the head changes orientation relative to gravity. The bias velocity is dependent on the tilt of the rotational axis relative to gravity and angular head velocity. For axis tilts <15°, bias velocities increased monotonically with increases in the magnitude of the projected gravity vector onto the horizontal plane of the head. For tilts of 15–90°, bias velocity was independent of tilt angle, increasing linearly as a function of head velocity with gains of 0.7–0.8, up to the saturation level of velocity storage. Asymmetries in OVAR bias velocity and asymmetries in the dominant time constant of the angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) covaried and both were reduced by administration of baclofen, a GABAB agonist. Modulations in pitch and roll eye positions were in phase with nose-down and side-down head positions, respectively. Changes in roll eye position were produced mainly by slow movements, whereas vertical eye position changes were characterized by slow eye movements and saccades. Oscillations in vertical and roll eye velocities led their respective position changes by ≈90°, close to an ideal differentiation, suggesting that these modulations were due to activation of the orienting component of the linear vestibuloocular reflex (lVOR). The beating field of the horizontal nystagmus shifted the eyes 6.3°/ g toward gravity in side down position, similar to the deviations observed during static roll tilt (7.0°/ g). This demonstrates that the eyes also orient to gravity in yaw. Phases of horizontal eye velocity clustered ∼180° relative to the modulation in beating field and were not simply differentiations of changes in eye position. Contributions of orientating and compensatory components of the lVOR to the modulation of eye position and velocity were modeled using three components: a novel direct otolith-oculomotor orientation, orientation-based velocity modulation, and changes in velocity storage time constants with head position re gravity. Time constants were obtained from optokinetic after-nystagmus, a direct representation of velocity storage. When the orienting lVOR was combined with models of the compensatory lVOR and velocity estimator from sequential otolith activation to generate the bias component, the model accurately predicted eye position and velocity in three dimensions. These data support the postulates that OVAR generates compensatory eye velocity through activation of velocity storage and that oscillatory components arise predominantly through lVOR orientation mechanisms.

Discharge properties of morphologically identified vestibular neurons recorded during horizontal eye movements in the goldfish

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1865-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Pastor ◽  
P. M. Calvo ◽  
R. R. de la Cruz ◽  
R. Baker ◽  
H. Straka
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Velocity Storage ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Type I ◽  
Abducens Nucleus ◽  
Ancestral Condition ◽  
Vestibular Neurons ◽  
Prepositus Hypoglossi ◽  
Eye Velocity

Computational capability and connectivity are key elements for understanding how central vestibular neurons contribute to gaze-stabilizing eye movements during self-motion. In the well-characterized and segmentally distributed hindbrain oculomotor network of goldfish, we determined afferent and efferent connections along with discharge patterns of descending octaval nucleus (DO) neurons during different eye motions. Based on activity correlated with horizontal eye and head movements, DO neurons were categorized into two complementary groups that either increased discharge during both contraversive (type II) eye (e) and ipsiversive (type I) head (h) movements (eIIhI) or vice versa (eIhII). Matching time courses of slow-phase eye velocity and corresponding firing rates during prolonged visual and head rotation suggested direct causality in generating extraocular motor commands. The axons of the dominant eIIhI subgroup projected either ipsi- or contralaterally and terminated in the abducens nucleus, Area II, and Area I with additional recurrent collaterals of ipsilaterally projecting neurons within the parent nucleus. Distinct feedforward commissural pathways between bilateral DO neurons likely contribute to the generation of eye velocity signals in eIhII cells. The shared contribution of DO and Area II neurons to eye velocity storage likely represents an ancestral condition in goldfish that is clearly at variance with the task separation between mammalian medial vestibular and prepositus hypoglossi neurons. This difference in signal processing between fish and mammals might correlate with a larger repertoire of visuo-vestibular-driven eye movements in the latter species that potentially required a shift in sensitivity and connectivity within the hindbrain-cerebello-oculomotor network. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe the structure and function of neurons within the goldfish descending octaval nucleus. Our findings indicate that eye and head velocity signals are processed by vestibular and Area II velocity storage integrator circuitries whereas the velocity-to-position Area I neural integrator generates eye position solely. This ancestral condition differs from that of mammals, in which vestibular neurons generally lack eye position signals that are processed and stored within the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.

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