Electrical and Mechanical Properties of the Red and White Muscles in the Silver Carp

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-567
Author(s):  
T. YAMAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Red And White Muscles ◽  
Specific Membrane

1. Electrical and mechanical properties of the red muscle (M. levator pinnae pectoralis) and white muscle (M. levator pinnae lateralis abdominis) in the silver carp (Carassius auratus Linné) were investigated by using caffeine and thymol. 2. A complete tetanus could be produced in the red muscle. But in the white muscle no tetanus was produced and there was a gradual decrease in tension during continuous stimulation, even at a frequency of 1 c/s or less. 3. Caffeine (0.5-1 mM) and thymol (0.25-0.5 mM) potentiated the twitch tension in both muscles without an increase in the resting tension; they produced a contracture in both muscles when the concentration was increased further. 4. The falling phase of the active state of contraction was nearly the same in both muscles and was prolonged by caffeine (0.5 mmM) and by thymol (0.25 mM). 5. The resting membrane potential of the red muscle was scarcely affected by caffeine (0.5-5 mM), whereas in the white muscles a depolarization of 10 mV was observed with caffeine of more than 2 mM. The resting potential of both muscles was little changed by o.25 mm thymol. However, at a concentration of more than 0.5mM thymol depolarized the membrane in both muscles to the same extent. 6. In caffeine (2-3 mM) solution the mean specific membrane resistance was reduced from 8.8 kΩ cm2 to 6.0 kΩ cm2 in the red muscle, and from 5.0 kΩ cm2 to 2.7 kΩ cm2 in the white muscle. In thymol (0.5-1 mM) solution it was reduced from 11.2 kΩcm2 to 6.5 kΩ cm2 in the red muscle, and from 5.4kΩ cm2 to 3.1 kΩ) cm2 in the white muscle. The specific membrane capacitance, calculated from the time constant and the membrane resistance, remained more or less the same in both muscles after a treatment with these agents. 7. Electrical properties of the muscles and the effects of caffeine and thymol on mechanical responses suggest that there are no fundamental differences between red and white muscles except for the excitation-contraction coupling. A lack of summation of twitch, a successive decline of twitch, and inability to produce potassium contracture in the white muscle may be due to the fact that the Ca-releasing mechanism is easily inactivated by depolarization of the membrane.

Cardiac Ganglion of Limulus: Intracellular Activity in the Unipolar Cells

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423
Author(s):  
VINCENT J. PALESE ◽  
JANE L. BECKER ◽  
RALPH A. PAX
Keyword(s):  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Cardiac Ganglion ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Soma Membrane ◽  
Specific Membrane

1. The electrical activity of unipolar cells of the cardiac ganglion of Limulus has been examined with microelectrodes to determine the electrical properties and the functional relationship between unipolar cells. 2. Resting membrane potential in these cell averages -43 mV. 3. Correlated with each contraction of the heart there occurs a burst of activity which consists of a sustained depolarization of several seconds on which is superimposed a series of small 2-5 mV spikes. 4. Activity which occurs during the initial phase appears to be the result of pre-synaptic inputs to these cells. Spike activity during the recovery phase is probably endogenous to the cell from which we are recording. 5. The specific membrane resistance for the soma membrane averages 12700Ω.cm2. The time constant has a value of 19.6ms. The specific membrane capacitance measures endogenous to the cell from which we are recording. 6. External stimulation produces a number of different responses in the unipolar cells which are dependent upon a number of factors. These responses can be classified into at least three types: (a) a driven response similar to a spontaneous burst; (b) slowly rising potentials which may be antidromic spikes.

Membrane resistance increases when automaticity develops in explanted rat heart cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. H145-H152 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. F. Schanne ◽  
M. Lefloch ◽  
B. Fermini ◽  
E. Ruiz-Petrich
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Input Resistance ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Membrane Capacity ◽  
Rat Heart Cells ◽  
Specific Membrane

We compared the passive electrical properties of isolated ventricular myocytes (resting potential -65 mV, fast action potentials, and no spontaneous activity) with those of 2- to 7-day-old cultured ventricle cells from neonatal rats (resting potential -50 mV, slow action potentials, and presence of spontaneous activity). In myocytes the specific membrane capacity was 0.99 microF/cm2, and the specific membrane resistance increased from 2.46 k omega.cm2 at -65 mV to 7.30 k omega.cm2 at -30 mV. In clusters, the current-voltage relationships measured under current-clamp conditions showed anomalous rectification and the input resistance decreased from 1.05 to 0.48 M omega when external K+ concentration was increased from 6 to 100 mM. Using the model of a finite disk we determined the specific membrane resistance (12.9 k omega.cm2), the effective membrane capacity (17.8 microF/cm2), and the lumped resistivity of the disk interior (1,964 omega.cm). We conclude that 1) the voltage dependence of the specific membrane resistance cannot completely explain the membrane resistance increase that accompanies the appearance of spontaneous activity; 2) a decrease of the inwardly rectifying conductance (gk1) is mainly responsible for the increase in the specific membrane resistance and depolarization; and 3) approximately 41% of the inward-rectifying channels are electrically silent when spontaneous activity develops in explanted ventricle cells.

Muscle metabolism of freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), during acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acidic water

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1909-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krishna Murthy ◽  
P. Reddanna ◽  
M. Bhaskar ◽  
S. Govindappa
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Tilapia Mossambica ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Red And White Muscles

Freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), were subjected to acute exposure and acclimation to sublethal acid water (pH 4.0), and the muscle metabolism was investigated. Differential patterns of carbohydrate metabolism were witnessed in the red and white muscles in response to both acute exposure and acclimation. The glycogen content of red muscle was elevated whereas that of white muscle was depleted on acute exposure. But on acclimation, both the muscles had elevated glycogen content. The red muscle seems to mobilize carbohydrates into both hexose mono- and di-phosphate pathways, but white muscle does so only into the hexose monophosphate pathway on acclimation. In general, both the muscles exhibited suppressed glycolysis and elevated oxidative phase leading to elevated glycogen level. The muscle metabolism was oriented towards conservation of carbohydrates and lesser production of organic acids on acclimation, as a possible metabolic adaptive mechanism of the fish, enabling them to counteract the imposed acid stress.

Electrophysiological characterization of single pregnant rat myometrial cells in short-term primary culture

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (1) ◽  
pp. C47-C54 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mollard ◽  
J. Mironneau ◽  
T. Amedee ◽  
C. Mironneau
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Primary Culture ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Myometrial Cells ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Electrophysiological Characterization ◽  
Specific Membrane

Smooth muscle cells were isolated from the longitudinal layer of pregnant rat myometrium (18-19 days) and studied either freshly dissociated or during short-term primary culture (until 30 h) using intracellular microelectrode techniques and direct microscopic observation. The isolated myometrial cells excluded trypan blue vital stain and could repetitively contract in response to various stimuli. Electrophysiological studies at 37 degrees C showed normal resting potential (-54.5 +/- 7.5 mV, n = 71). Action potentials with overshoot (+7.8 +/- 4.6 mV, n = 71) could be elicited by intracellular stimulation. Moreover, the membrane potential was largely dependent on the external K+ concentration. The action potential was suppressed in a Ca2+-free solution [with 0.1 mM ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid], and the overshoot amplitude was clearly Ca2+ dependent. The action potential was inhibited by Mn2+ ions (1 mM), Co2+ ions (1 mM), and D 600 (1 microM) but was unaffected by tetrodotoxin (2 microM) and external Na+ removal. Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, 10 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 10 mM) increased both overshoot amplitude and duration of the electrical responses. When the cell surface area was measured with light microscopy, the mean specific membrane resistance was 14.8 +/- 4.6 k omega . cm2 (n = 14), and the mean specific membrane capacitance was 2.3 +/- 0.7 microF/cm2 (n = 14). Outward-going rectification was consistently observed in all cells examined. This was either inhibited by TEA and 4-AP (10 mM each) or reduced in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals GLYCOGEN SYNTHETASE AND PHOSPHORYLASE IN RED AND WHITE MUSCLE OF RAT AND RHESUS MONKEY

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 549-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSE MARY BOCEK ◽  
CLARISSA H. BEATTY
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Glycogen Synthetase ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Histochemical Evidence ◽  
Red And White Muscles

Homogenates of red and white muscles from rats and monkeys were assayed for total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a and for the total and independent forms of glycogen synthetase. Total and phosphorylase a activities were higher in the supernatant fraction of homogenates of white as compared with red muscle from both rats and monkeys. Both forms of phosphorylase were higher in white muscle from rats when assayed on whole homogenates. The total and d form of glycogen synthetase activities were higher in red muscle from both species of animals. The ratio of I/total synthetase was 2- to 3-fold higher in muscle from monkeys as compared with that from rats. These results support histochemical evidence that phosphorylase is higher in white muscle fibers and glycogen synthetase is higher in red muscle fibers.

Cardiac and skeletal muscle fatty acid transport and transporters and triacylglycerol and fatty acid oxidation in lean and Zucker diabetic fatty rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. R1202-R1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arend Bonen ◽  
Graham P. Holloway ◽  
Narendra N. Tandon ◽  
Xiao-Xia Han ◽  
Jay McFarlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Fatty Acid Transport ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Zdf Rats ◽  
Red And White Muscles

We examined fatty acid transporters, transport, and metabolism in hearts and red and white muscles of lean and insulin-resistant ( week 6) and type 2 diabetic ( week 24) Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Cardiac fatty acid transport was similar in lean and ZDF hearts at week 6 but was reduced at week 24 (−40%) in lean but not ZDF hearts. Red muscle of ZDF rats exhibited an early susceptibility to upregulation (+66%) of fatty acid transport at week 6 that was increased by 50% in lean and ZDF rats at week 24 but remained 44% greater in red muscle of ZDF rats. In white muscle, no differences were observed in fatty acid transport between groups or from week 6 to week 24. In all tissues (heart and red and white muscle), FAT/CD36 protein and plasmalemmal content paralleled the changes in fatty acid transport. Triacylglycerol content in red and white muscles, but not heart, in lean and ZDF rats correlated with fatty acid transport ( r = 0.91) and sarcolemmal FAT/CD36 ( r = 0.98). Red and white muscle fatty acid oxidation by isolated mitochondria was not impaired in ZDF rats but was reduced by 18–24% in red muscle of lean rats at week 24. Thus, in red, but not white, muscle of insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic animals, a marked upregulation in fatty acid transport and intramuscular triacylglycerol was associated with increased levels of FAT/CD36 expression and plasmalemmal content. In heart, greater rates of fatty acid transport and FAT/CD36 in ZDF rats ( week 24) were attributable to the inhibition of age-related reductions in these parameters. However, intramuscular triacylglycerol did not accumulate in hearts of ZDF rats. Thus insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are accompanied by tissue-specific differences in FAT/CD36 and fatty acid transport and metabolism. Upregulation of fatty acid transport increased red muscle, but not cardiac, triacylglycerol accumulation. White muscle lipid metabolism dysregulation was not observed.

Cable properties of layer V neurons from cat sensorimotor cortex in vitro

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Stafstrom ◽  
P. C. Schwindt ◽  
W. E. Crill
Keyword(s):  
Voltage Clamp ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Neuron Model ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Voltage Range ◽  
Cable Properties ◽  
Layer V ◽  
Specific Membrane

The passive cable properties of neurons from layer V of cat neocortex were studied in an in vitro slice preparation using current-clamp techniques and a single-microelectrode voltage clamp. Neurons were examined in the presence and absence of several agents that block time- and voltage-dependent conductances. The charging response to an injected current pulse was well fitted by a single exponential in 12 of 17 cells examined. By itself, this result would suggest that most of the neurons are isopotential. However, the existence of a nonisopotential region was demonstrated in all neurons examined using two alternative, independent methods: application of voltage-clamp steps and current impulses. The decay of the capacitive charging transient following a voltage-clamp step reflects charge redistribution solely in the nonisopotential region and had a mean time constant about 17% of the membrane time constant, tau m. The voltage decay following a current impulse was always fitted by (at least) two exponentials, the shorter of which was about 9% of tau m. These results suggest that a nonisopotential region exists but is electrotonically short, of relatively low-input conductance, or both, independent of a particular neuron model. Adopting Rall's (23, 24) idealized neuron model (isopotential compartment attached to a finite-length uniform cable) resulted in a mean value for the equivalent electrotonic length (L) of the nonisopotential compartment of 0.72 space constants from voltage-clamp data and 1.21 space constants from impulse-response data. A dendrite-to-soma conductance ratio (p) of 2-4 was obtained from either procedure. There were no significant differences in the cable parameters between normal cells and those where conductance-blocking agents were present. A specific membrane resistance (Rm) ranging from 2,300 to 11,700 omega X cm2 was estimated by assuming values of specific membrane capacitance reported in the literature. We conclude that large layer V neocortical neurons in vitro are electrotonically compact in the voltage range near resting potential and in the absence of significant tonic synaptic input. In this respect, their electrotonic cable properties resemble those of other mammalian neurons in vitro.

Red and White Muscle of Fish in Relation to Rigor Mortis

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Buttkus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Ophiodon Elongatus ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Rigor Tension

The superficial red muscle of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) was shown to exhibit unique properties of post-mortem contraction and tension development. In comparison with white muscle, rigor contraction and isometric rigor tension in red muscle were about three times as great. The rate of contraction of the red muscle was dependent on temperature and also on the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere. The elastic modulus of the red muscle of trout and lingcod increased with increasing post-mortem time. Following the onset of rigor mortis a gradual increase in elasticity was observed. The maximum effects of contraction, tension and elasticity coincided with the onset of rigor mortis and each could therefore be used as a measure of this phenomenon. It was concluded from these experiments that stiffening of a fish with the onset of rigor mortis is not due to contraction or tension development of the muscles, but rather to their changing mechanical properties. A convenient measure of the changing mechanical properties in the muscle was the elastic modulus.Morphological differences between the very active, myoglobin rich, red muscle and the white muscle of lingcod were demonstrated by means of electron micrographs. The high glycogen content in the area of sarcoplasm of the red muscle, as indicated in electron micrographs, was confirmed by chemical analysis. Red muscle in rested fish was shown to contain from 1 to 3 times more glycogen than white muscle.

scholarly journals Analysis of Titin in Red and White Muscles: Crucial Role on Muscle Contractions Using a Fish Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ping Wu ◽  
Nen-Chung Chang ◽  
Chi-Li Chung ◽  
Wan-Chun Chiu ◽  
Cheng-Chen Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Fish Model ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Types Of Muscle Fibers ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Red And White Muscles

Several studies have compared molecular components between red and white skeletal muscles in mammals. However, mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of mixed types of muscle fibers. In the current study, we analyzed and compared the distributions of titin, lipid, phosphate ions, and fatty acid levels in red and white muscles using a fish model (Tilapia), which is rich in red and white muscles, and these are well separated. Oil-red O staining showed that red muscle had more-abundant lipids than did white muscle. A time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometric (TOF-SIMS) analysis revealed that red muscle possessed high levels of palmitic acid and oleic acid, but white muscle contained more phosphate ions. Moreover, elastica-van Gieson (EVG) and Mito-Tracker green FM staining showed that collagen and elastic fibers were highly, respectively, distributed in connective tissues and mitochondria in red muscle. An electron micrographic analysis indicated that red muscle had a relatively higher number of mitochondria and longer sarcomere lengths and Z-line widths, while myofibril diameters were thicker in white muscle. Myofibrillar proteins separated by SDS-PAGE showed that the major giant protein, titin, was highly expressed in white muscle than in red muscle. Furthermore, ratios of titin to myosin heavy chain (MHC) (titin/MHC) were about 1.3 times higher in white muscle than red muscle. We postulated that white muscle is fit for short and strong contractile performance due to high levels of titin and condensed sarcomeres, whereas red muscle is fit for low intensity and long-lasting activity due to high levels of lipids and mitochondria and long sarcomeres.

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