Body Temperature and Singing in the Bladder Cicada, Cystosoma Saundersii

1979 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. JOSEPHSON ◽  
D. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Cooling Curve ◽  
Muscle Twitch ◽  
Temperature Excess ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
Artificial Heat ◽  
Sound Pulses

1. Body temperatures during singing were measured in the cicada, Cystosoma saundersii Westwood, both in the field and in tethered animals indoors. 2. The temperature of the sound-producing tymbal muscle rises rapidly during singing to reach a plateau approximately 12°C above ambient. This produces a temperature gradient in the abdominal air sac which surrounds the muscle. When singing stops, the tymbal muscle cools exponentially. 3. Heat production during singing, estimated from the cooling curve, is 4.82 cal min−1 g muscle−1. Generation of the same temperature excess in the air sac by an artificial heat source yields an estimated heat production of 54.4 cal min−1 g muscle−1. This discrepancy may be caused by air mixing in the air sac during singing. 4. As temperature rises, tymbal muscle twitch contractions become faster and stronger. This and heat transfer to the thorax cause changes in the song pattern: a marked decrease in the interval between the two sound pulses produced by a single tymbal buckling and a lesser decrease in the interval between bucklings. The fundamental sound period remains unaltered. These effects are consistent with earlier data on sound production. Note: Present address: Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92717, U.S.A.

The priority of the heat production in a muscle twitch

1958 ◽  
Vol 148 (932) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Isotonic Solution ◽  
Muscle Twitch ◽  
Previous Conclusion

When a muscle has been soaked in a moderately hypertonic solution its mechanical response to a shock is delayed, but its heat production is almost normal and starts considerably earlier than its shortening. After a more hypertonic solution the mechanical response is abolished, but a substantial part of the heat production remains. These effects are rapidly reversed by soaking in a normal isotonic solution. They strengthen the previous conclusion that chemical reactions triggered by a stimulus precede the mechanical response.

scholarly journals Recording of “sonic attacks” on U.S. diplomats in Cuba spectrally matches the echoing call of a Caribbean cricket

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Stubbs ◽  
Fernando Montealegre-Z
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Difficulties ◽  
Acoustic Signature ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Pulse Structure ◽  
Sound Pulses ◽  
The U.S

Beginning in late 2016, diplomats posted to the United States embassy in Cuba began to experience unexplained health problems—including ear pain, tinnitus, vertigo, and cognitive difficulties1–4—which reportedly began after they heard1,2 strange noises in their homes or hotel rooms. In response, the U.S. government dramatically reduced1–3 the number of diplomats posted at the U.S. embassy in Havana. U.S. officials initially believed1,2,5 a sonic attack might be responsible for their ailments. The sound linked to these attacks, which has been described as a “high-pitched beam of sound”, was recorded by U.S. personnel in Cuba and released by the Associated Press (AP). Because these recordings are the only available non-medical evidence of the sonic attacks, much attention has focused on identifying health problems6–11 and the origin12–17 of the acoustic signal. As shown here, the calling song of the Indies short-tailed cricket (Anurogryllus celerinictus) matches, in nuanced detail, the AP recording in duration, pulse repetition rate, power spectrum, pulse rate stability, and oscillations per pulse. The AP recording also exhibits frequency decay in individual pulses, a distinct acoustic signature of cricket sound production. While the temporal pulse structure in the recording is unlike any natural insect source, when the cricket call is played on a loudspeaker and recorded indoors, the interaction of reflected sound pulses yields a sound virtually indistinguishable from the AP sample. This provides strong evidence that an echoing cricket call, rather than a sonic attack or other technological device, is responsible for the sound in the released recording. Although the causes of the health problems reported by embassy personnel are beyond the scope of this paper, our findings highlight the need for more rigorous research into the source of these ailments, including the potential psychogenic effects, as well as possible physiological explanations unrelated to sonic attacks.

Sound radiation by the bladder cicada cystosoma saundersii

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bennet-Clark ◽  
D Young
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Resonant System ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Quality Factor Q ◽  
Sound Pulses

Male Cystosoma saundersii have a distended thin-walled abdomen which is driven by the paired tymbals during sound production. The insect extends the abdomen from a rest length of 32-34 mm to a length of 39-42 mm while singing. This is accomplished through specialised apodemes at the anterior ends of abdominal segments 4-7, which cause each of these intersegmental membranes to unfold by approximately 2 mm. <P> The calling song frequency is approximately 850 Hz. The song pulses have a bimodal envelope and a duration of approximately 25 ms; they are produced by the asynchronous but overlapping action of the paired tymbals. The quality factor Q of the decay of the song pulses is approximately 17. <P> The abdomen was driven experimentally by an internal sound source attached to a hole in the front of the abdomen. This allowed the sound-radiating regions to be mapped. The loudest sound-radiating areas are on both sides of tergites 3-5, approximately 10 mm from the ventral surface. A subsidiary sound-radiating region is found mid-ventrally on sternites 4-6. Sound is radiated in the same phase from all these regions. As the abdomen was extended experimentally from its resting length to its maximum length, the amplitude of the radiated sound doubled and the Q of the resonance increased from 4 to 9. This resonance and effect are similar at both tergite 4 and sternite 5. <P> Increasing the effective volume of the abdominal air sac reduced its resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total volume), suggesting that the air sac volume was the major compliant element in the resonant system. Increasing the mass of tergite 4 and sternites 4-6 also reduced the resonant frequency of the abdomen. By extrapolation, it was shown that the effective mass of tergites 3-5 was between 13 and 30 mg and that the resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total mass), suggesting that the masses of the tergal sound-radiating areas were major elements in the resonant system. <P> The tymbal ribs buckle in sequence from posterior (rib 1) to anterior, producing a series of sound pulses. The frequency of the pulse decreases with the buckling of successive ribs: rib 1 produces approximately 1050 Hz, rib 2 approximately 870 Hz and rib 3 approximately 830 Hz. The sound pulse produced as the tymbal buckles outwards is between 1.6 and 1.9 kHz. Simultaneous recordings from close to the tymbal and from tergite 4 suggest that the song pulse is initiated by the pulses produced by ribs 2 and 3 of the leading tymbal and sustained by the pulses from ribs 2 and 3 of the second tymbal. <P> An earlier model suggested that the reactive elements of the abdominal resonance were the compliance of the abdominal air sac volume and the mass of the abdomen undergoing lengthwise telescoping. The present work confirms these suggestions for the role of the air sac but ascribes the mass element to the in-out vibrations of the lateral regions of tergites 3-5 and the central part of sternites 4-6.

A note on the heat of activation in a muscle twitch

1950 ◽  
Vol 137 (888) ◽  
pp. 330-331 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Muscle Twitch ◽  
Extreme Loads

Under extreme loads a stimulated muscle neither shortens nor develops tension. The heat production in a twitch is then rather less than one-half of its value with maximal shortening. Under such conditions the heat of shortening and the mechanical work are nil. The remaining heat, therefore, is heat of activation alone. It is about the same in magnitude and onset as the heat of activation at ordinary lengths.

THE SINGLE SONIC MUSCLE TWITCH MODEL FOR SCIAENID SOUND PRODUCTION

Bioacoustics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 225-227
Author(s):  
MARK W. SPRAGUE
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Muscle Twitch ◽  
Sonic Muscle

scholarly journals Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Clark
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Frequency Tone ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Sound Pulses ◽  
Stellula Calliope ◽  
Courtship Displays

Abstract Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality. One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms. Here, I studied the mechanisms generating acoustic signals in the courtship displays of the Calliope hummingbird Stellula calliope. Display dives consisted of three synchronized sound elements, a high-frequency tone (hft), a low frequency tone (lft), and atonal sound pulses (asp), which were then followed by a frequency-modulated fall. Manipulating any of the rectrices (tail-feathers) of wild males impaired production of the lft and asp but not the hft or fall, which are apparently vocal. I tested the sound production capabilities of the rectrices in a wind tunnel. Single rectrices could generate the lft but not the asp, whereas multiple rectrices tested together produced sounds similar to the asp when they fluttered and collided with their neighbors percussively, representing a previously unknown mechanism of sound production. During the shuttle display, a trill is generated by the wings during pulses in which the wingbeat frequency is elevated to 95 Hz, 40% higher than the typical hovering wingbeat frequency. The Calliope hummingbird courtship displays include sounds produced by three independent mechanisms, and thus include a minimum of three acoustic signal components. These acoustic mechanisms have different constraints and thus potentially contain different messages. Producing multiple acoustic signals via multiple mechanisms may be a way to escape the constraints present in any single mechanism.

The positive and negative heat production associated with a nerve impulse

1958 ◽  
Vol 148 (931) ◽  
pp. 149-187 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Fibre Surface ◽  
Excitable Membrane ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
Muscle Twitch

The ‘initial’ heat production of a non-medullated nerve ( Maia ) has been reinvestigated with more rapid recording equipment than was previously available. In a single impulse at 0° C a positive heat production was observed averaging about 9 x 10 -6 cal/g nerve: this is rapid and is probably associated with the active phase of the impulse. It is followed by a rather slower heat absorption averaging about 7 x 10 -6 cal/g nerve and lasting for about 300 ms. Previous methods were too slow to do more than record the difference between the two, the ‘net heat’, viz. about 2 x 10 -6 cal/g nerve: this is about one-third greater at 0°C than at 18° C. Maia nerves contain fibres from 20 to 0.3 µ in diameter, and about half the heat is probably derived from fibres less than 3.0 µ . The velocities of impulses in them at 0° C vary from 1.4 to 0.1 m/s, so impulses reach the recording thermojunctions throughout a long interval. Thus the observed course of the heat production is the resultant of positive and negative components in different fibres, and a substantial part of each is masked. The real positive and negative heats, therefore, are substantially greater than those observed: on the most likely estimate of velocity distribution, in a single impulse at 0° C they are about 14 x 10 -6 cal/g and — 12 x 10 -6 cal/g, respectively. Heat production, like ionic interchange, is probably proportional to fibre surface, which in 1 g of Maia nerve is estimated as 10 4 cm 2 . If the fibre surface is taken as 50 Å thick, the heats just calculated, if reckoned per gram of surface material, are 2.8 x 10 -3 cal and — 2.4 x 10 -3 cal, respectively. The former is about the same as the heat produced per gram in a muscle twitch. During the passage of an impulse there is known to be an interchange of Na and K ions between the axoplasm and the outside fluid. When isotonic solutions of NaCl and KCl are mixed there is a production of heat. A substantial part of the heat during an impulse may be derived from the interchange of Na and K. Another part may be associated with chemical reactions occurring in the excitable membrane during the cycle of permeability change accompanying the passage of an impulse. The negative heat production is discussed. It cannot be connected with ‘pumping back’ the Na and K ions; this is a much slower process and anyhow would probably involve a positive heat production. It may be a sign of endothermic chemical reactions, representing a first (anaerobic) stage in recovery, which occur in the surface membrane following the completion of the permeability cycle. The question is considered whether the positive and negative phases of the heat production could be due to the discharge and recharge, during the action potential, of the condenser residing in the excitable membrane. The heats so calculated are of the right order of size, but on present evidence the time relations seem to be quite wrong. The amount of K which escapes per impulse from Maia nerve during slow repetitive stimulation at 0° C was measured. It depends greatly on frequency of stimulation; at ‘zero frequency’ it was about 9 X 10 -8 mole/g x impulse.

scholarly journals Application of thermal analysis in ferrous and nonferrous foundries

10.30544/673 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-471
Author(s):  
Mile B Djurdjevic
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Cooling Curve ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Steel Metallurgy ◽  
Analysis Application ◽  
Future Potential

This paper is devoted to the memory of Professor Ljubomir Nedeljkovic (1933-2020), Head of the Department of Iron and Steel Metallurgy University of Belgrade, Serbia. Assessment of the melt quality is one of the most important casting process parameters, which allowed sound production of intricated cast parts. At the present time, various devices have been applied at foundry floors to control melt quality. Thermal analysis is one of them, widely used for melt quality control in ferrous and non-ferrous casting plants. During solidification, metal and alloys released latent heat, which magnitude is dependent on the type of phases that form during the solidification process. Plotting temperature versus time data during solidification provides useful information related to the actual solidification process. The applied technique is called thermal analysis, whereas the cooling curve is the name of such a plot. The main aim of this paper is to give a short overview of the present thermal analysis application in various foundries and to indicate the future potential use of this technique.

Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Control of Sound Production in a Cricket: Acheta Domesticus

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-153
Author(s):  
ARTHUR EWING ◽  
GRAHAM HOYLE
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Control ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Sound Pulses ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

1. The singing of the cricket Acheta domesticus has been studied with a view to examining the neuronal control mechanisms underlying the sound production. 2. Electrical activity was recorded from the muscles responsible for wing opening and closing during singing in intact, freely-moving crickets. 3. Three kinds of song which are both structurally distinct and clearly different in behavioural context were studied in detail: calling, aggression and courtship. 4. Each song is composed of a group of pulses of sound and each pulse corresponds to a single wing-closing movement. The songs differ only in regard to either the number of pulses in a group, or the loudness of the pulses. 5. The opening is caused by the tergosternal muscles receiving a brief burst of excitatory nerve impulses. Extra impulses, leading to extra wide opening, occur before loud sounds. 6. The closing movement is initiated by the first and second basalar and subalar muscles acting synergistically. The force, but not the velocity, of the closing stroke is increased by a late burst of activity in the indirectly acting dorsal longitudinal muscles, leading to louder sound. 7. Weak pulses are the result of (probably) only S axons firing. When F axons fire in addition loud sounds result. 8. During courtship songs the sound pulses are mainly weak and a large number of pulses occur consecutively. 9. The kind of neuronal machinery required to produce the observed output is considered theoretically, and a tentative simple scheme proposed. 10. It is not necessary to postulate separate neuronal centres for each sound, and a small number of neurons could, in principle, provide the underlying control of the different kinds of cricket song.

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