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2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5S-15S
Author(s):  
Monice M Fiume ◽  
Wilma F Bergfeld ◽  
Donald V Belsito ◽  
Ronald A Hill ◽  
Curtis D Klaassen ◽  
...  

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reopened the safety assessment of Acid Violet 43, a cosmetic ingredient that is an anthraquinone dye reported to function in cosmetics as a colorant. This colorant has the same chemical structure as Ext. D&C Violet No. 2, which is a certified colorant; however, Acid Violet 43 is not a certified color and it could have impurities that are not allowed in the certified color. The Panel reviewed relevant new data related to this ingredient and concluded that Acid Violet 43 is safe in the present practices of use and concentration for use in hair dye formulations. This conclusion supersedes the previous conclusion for Acid Violet 43 that included impurity specifications indicated for the certified color.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Masamichi Kuroda ◽  
Kiko Shibata ◽  
Takafumi Fujimoto ◽  
Masaru Murakami ◽  
Etsuro Yamaha ◽  
...  

In dojo loach (<i>Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</i>), although most wild types are gonochoristic diploids that are genetically differentiated into 2 groups, A and B, clonal lineages appear in certain localities. Clonal loaches have been considered to have hybrid origins between the 2 groups by a series of genetic studies. In this study, using FISH with a newly developed probe (ManDra-A), we identified 26 (1 pair of metacentric and 12 pairs of telocentric chromosomes) of 50 diploid chromosomes in contemporary wild-type group A loach. In contrast, ManDra-A signals were not detected on metacentric chromosomes derived from the ancestral group A of clonal loach. The FISH results clearly showed the presence of certain differentiations in metacentric chromosomes between ancestral and contemporary group A loach. Two-color FISH with ManDra-A and group B-specific ManDra (renamed ManDra-B) probes reconfirmed the hybrid origin of clones by identifying chromosomes from both groups A and B in metaphases. Our results showed the hybrid origin of clonally reproducing fish and the possibility that chromosomal differentiation between ancestral and contemporary fish can affect gametogenesis. In meiotic spermatocytes of sex-reversed clones, ManDra-A, and not ManDra-B, signals were detected in 12 out of 50 bivalents. Thus, the results further support the previous conclusion that clonal gametogenesis was assured by pairing between sister chromosomes duplicated from each ancestral chromosome from group A or B. Our study deepens the knowledge about the association between clonality and hybridity in unisexual vertebrates.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 478-498
Author(s):  
Jukkrit Daengsaen ◽  
◽  
Sorasak Leeratanavalee ◽  

<abstract><p>In this paper, we introduce the concept of $ j $-hyperfilters, for all positive integers $ 1\leq j \leq n $ and $ n \geq 2 $, on (ordered) $ n $-ary semihypergroups and establish the relationships between $ j $-hyperfilters and completely prime $ j $-hyperideals of (ordered) $ n $-ary semihypergroups. Moreover, we investigate the properties of the relation $ \mathcal{N} $, which is generated by the same principal hyperfilters, on (ordered) $ n $-ary semihypergroups. As we have known from <sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>]</sup> that the relation $ \mathcal{N} $ is the least semilattice congruence on semihypergroups, we illustrate by counterexample that the similar result is not necessarily true on $ n $-ary semihypergroups where $ n\geq 3 $. However, we provide a sufficient condition that makes the previous conclusion true on $ n $-ary semihypergroups and ordered $ n $-ary semihypergroups where $ n\geq 3 $. Finally, we study the decomposition of prime hyperideals and completely prime hyperideals by means of their $ \mathcal{N} $-classes. As an application of the results, a related problem posed by Tang and Davvaz in <sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>]</sup> is solved.</p></abstract>


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Fé Fernández Hernández

Background: The research and analysis from smoking must be from several points of view. Nevertheless the smoking economic burden by morbidity must be strongly researched since the Health Economy. The usefulness from postgraduate course about this subject offer the opportunity to generalize the whole knowledge obtained. Thus more health professional will be better capacitated to make better measures from the smoking economic impact over the Public Health. Objective: To design a postgraduate trainer course about the measurement from the smoking economic burden by morbidity. Materials and methods: Were used the inductive – deductive and the comparative as theoretical methods. As empiric method was used the bibliographic research. Results: The suggested course has the particularity of be contextualized agree to general learning needs from health professionals related to the smoking economic control. The course has the characteristic that each subject is supported by the previous. Conclusion: Was designed a postgraduate trainer course for health professionals related with the smoking economic control. The course is agreed to general learning needs from health professionals related to the smoking economic control.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Monisankar Bishnu ◽  
Cagri Kumru

The previous conclusion that a uniform lump-sum estate tax could implicitly provide annuity income was reached by ignoring the inheritance that agents receive. However, when the agents leave a bequest, they should also receive an inheritance from their parents. Thus, we make the inheritance received—bequests left cycle complete and fully endogenous. Interestingly, the differential timing and sizes of inheritance then generate unequal wealth effects even with actuarially fair annuity markets. To restore the first best, the government has to adopt an estate tax regime that is no longer uniform. Thus, once bequest is fully endogenized, a uniform estate tax no longer bears the annuity role. Further, the differential timing in receiving inheritance creates an unequal wealth distribution, which is also nonstationary. The paper manifests the importance of accounting for and tracing the inheritance received by agents for any crucial policy recommendation.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Calderon ◽  
Erik Mac Giolla ◽  
Karl Ask ◽  
Pär Anders Granhag

C. J. Wakslak, Y. Trope, N. Liberman, and R. Alony (2006), Seeing the forest when entry is unlikely: Probability and the mental representation of events, Journal of experimental psychology: General, examined the effect of manipulating the likelihood of future events on level of construal (i.e., mental abstraction). Over seven experiments, they consistently found that subjectively unlikely (vs. likely) future events were more abstractly (vs. concretely) construed. This well-cited, but understudied finding has had a major influence on the CLT literature: Likelihood is considered to be one of four psychological distances assumed to influence mental abstraction in similar ways (Trope &amp; Liberman, 2010). Contrary to the original empirical findings, we present two close replication attempts (N = 115 and N = 120; the original studies had N = 20 and N = 34) which failed to find the effect of likelihood on construal level. Bayesian analyses provided diagnostic support for the absence of an effect. In light of the failed replications, we present a meta-analytic summary of the accumulated evidence on the effect. It suggests a strong trend of declining effect sizes as a function of larger samples. These results call into question the previous conclusion that likelihood has a reliable influence on construal level. We discuss the implications of these findings for construal level theory, and advise against treating likelihood as a psychological distance until further tests have established the relationship.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Chen ◽  
Li ◽  
Li ◽  
Feng ◽  
...  

Subtype families of Cryptosporidium parvum differ in host range, with IIa and IId being found in a broad range of animals, IIc in humans, and IIo and IIp in some rodents. Previous studies indicated that the subtelomeric cgd6_5520-5510 gene in C. parvum is lost in many Cryptosporidium species, and could potentially contribute to the broad host range of the former. In this study, we identified the presence of a second copy of the gene in some C. parvum subtype families with a broad host range, and showed sequence differences among them. The sequence differences in the cgd6_5520-5510 gene were not segregated by the sequence type of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene. Genetic recombination appeared to have played a role in generating divergent nucleotide sequences between copies and among subtype families. These data support the previous conclusion on the potential involvement of the insulinase-like protease encoded by the subtelomeric cgd6_5520-5510 gene in the broad host range of C. parvum IIa and IId subtypes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
V. I. Molodin ◽  
D. A. Nenakhov ◽  
L. N. Mylnikova ◽  
S. Reinhold ◽  
E. V. Parkhomchuk ◽  
...  

AMS radiocarbon dating was applied to seven samples from Tartas-1, an Early Neolithic site in the Baraba forest-steppe, southwestern Siberia: four from pit 938, one from pit 990, and two from structure 6. Pits had been destined for fermenting fi sh, and contained offerings, such as corpses of animals (fox, hare, wolverine, dog), stone and bone artifacts, and fl at-bottomed clay vessels. On the basis of these fi nds, the Baraba culture was described. The results of the AMS radiocarbon analysis support the previous conclusion regarding the date of the complex — 7th millennium BC. A series of dates generated at the Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry in Mannheim, Germany, for the Neolithic materials from Tartas-1 mostly fall within the 7th millennium, and the same applies to the dates relating to the Neolithic site of Vengerovo-2. The dates for structure 6 from Tartas-1 were generated at the Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS in Novosibirsk as well, agreeing with those from the Mannheim Center (for two samples, the results being virtually identical). In sum, the data obtained confi rm the correctness of dating the Early Neolithic complex from Tartas-1 to the 7th millennium BC. The Baraba culture is also dated to this time.


2018 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 02003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Hamdy Hegazy ◽  
V.R. Skoy ◽  
K. Hossny

Neutron generators are now used in various fields. They produce only fast neutrons; D-D neutron generator produces 2.45 MeV neutrons and D-T produces 14.1 MeV neutrons. In order to optimize shielding-collimator parameters to achieve higher neutron flux at the investigated sample (The signal) with lower neutron and gamma rays flux at the area of the detectors, design iterations are widely used. This work was applied to ROMASHA setup, TANGRA project, FLNP, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. The studied parameters were; (1) shielding-collimator material, (2) Distance between the shielding-collimator assembly first plate and center of the neutron beam, and (3) thickness of collimator sheets. MCNP5 was used to simulate ROMASHA setup after it was validated on the experimental results of irradiation of Carbon-12 sample for one hour to detect its 4.44 MeV characteristic gamma line. The ratio between the signal and total neutron flux that enters each detector was calculated and plotted, concluding that the optimum shielding-collimator assembly is Tungsten of 5 cm thickness for each plate, and a distance of 2.3 cm. Also, the ratio between the signal and total gamma rays flux was calculated and plotted for each detector, leading to the previous conclusion but the distance was 1 cm.


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