Sound radiation by the bladder cicada cystosoma saundersii

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bennet-Clark ◽  
D Young
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Resonant System ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Quality Factor Q ◽  
Sound Pulses

Male Cystosoma saundersii have a distended thin-walled abdomen which is driven by the paired tymbals during sound production. The insect extends the abdomen from a rest length of 32-34 mm to a length of 39-42 mm while singing. This is accomplished through specialised apodemes at the anterior ends of abdominal segments 4-7, which cause each of these intersegmental membranes to unfold by approximately 2 mm. <P> The calling song frequency is approximately 850 Hz. The song pulses have a bimodal envelope and a duration of approximately 25 ms; they are produced by the asynchronous but overlapping action of the paired tymbals. The quality factor Q of the decay of the song pulses is approximately 17. <P> The abdomen was driven experimentally by an internal sound source attached to a hole in the front of the abdomen. This allowed the sound-radiating regions to be mapped. The loudest sound-radiating areas are on both sides of tergites 3-5, approximately 10 mm from the ventral surface. A subsidiary sound-radiating region is found mid-ventrally on sternites 4-6. Sound is radiated in the same phase from all these regions. As the abdomen was extended experimentally from its resting length to its maximum length, the amplitude of the radiated sound doubled and the Q of the resonance increased from 4 to 9. This resonance and effect are similar at both tergite 4 and sternite 5. <P> Increasing the effective volume of the abdominal air sac reduced its resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total volume), suggesting that the air sac volume was the major compliant element in the resonant system. Increasing the mass of tergite 4 and sternites 4-6 also reduced the resonant frequency of the abdomen. By extrapolation, it was shown that the effective mass of tergites 3-5 was between 13 and 30 mg and that the resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total mass), suggesting that the masses of the tergal sound-radiating areas were major elements in the resonant system. <P> The tymbal ribs buckle in sequence from posterior (rib 1) to anterior, producing a series of sound pulses. The frequency of the pulse decreases with the buckling of successive ribs: rib 1 produces approximately 1050 Hz, rib 2 approximately 870 Hz and rib 3 approximately 830 Hz. The sound pulse produced as the tymbal buckles outwards is between 1.6 and 1.9 kHz. Simultaneous recordings from close to the tymbal and from tergite 4 suggest that the song pulse is initiated by the pulses produced by ribs 2 and 3 of the leading tymbal and sustained by the pulses from ribs 2 and 3 of the second tymbal. <P> An earlier model suggested that the reactive elements of the abdominal resonance were the compliance of the abdominal air sac volume and the mass of the abdomen undergoing lengthwise telescoping. The present work confirms these suggestions for the role of the air sac but ascribes the mass element to the in-out vibrations of the lateral regions of tergites 3-5 and the central part of sternites 4-6.

scholarly journals A MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS

1992 ◽  
Vol 173 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Bennet-Clark ◽  
D. Young
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Helmholtz Resonator ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Resonator System ◽  
Sound Pulses

1. Dried cicada bodies of the species Cyclochila australasiae and model cicadas made from a miniature earphone driving a plastic cavity were used to study the acoustics of sound production in male cicadas. 2. A model cicada with shape and dimensions similar to those of the abdomen of a male C. australasiae resonates at the natural song frequency of the species (4.3 kHz). The abdominal air sac of C. australasiae also resonates at frequencies close to the natural song frequency when excited by external sounds. In an atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gas, the resonant frequency is lowered in keeping with the decrease in velocity of sound in the CFC gas. 3. At the model's resonant frequency, the driving earphone dissipates more electrical power with the cavity attached than without the cavity. The cavity of the model cicada acts as a narrow-band acoustic acceptance filter, tuned to the natural song frequency. 4. When the miniature earphone emits brief clicks, mimicking those produced by the natural tymbal mechanism, the model cicada produces sound pulses that vary in duration and shape according to the number and timing of the clicks. A coherent train of two or three resonant clicks results in a long slowly-decaying sound pulse similar to that in the natural song. 5. The natural song frequency can be predicted from the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana in C. australasiae using a simple equation for the resonant frequency of a Helmholtz resonator. This equation also predicts the song frequency of Macrotristria angularis and Magicicada cassini, but it fails with the low-frequency song of Magicicada septendecim. This discrepancy can be accounted for by the unusually thick tympana of M. septendecim, which tend to lower the resonant frequency of the system. 6. We conclude that the abdomen of male cicadas forms a Helmholtz resonator, the components of which are the large air sac as the cavity and the tympana as the neck of the resonator. We suggest that cicada sound production depends on the coupling of two resonators, that of the tymbal and that of the abdominal air sac, from which sound is radiated through the tympana. The coupled resonator system would produce the long sound pulses required for stimulating a sensitive sharply tuned auditory organ.

THE SCALING OF SONG FREQUENCY IN CICADAS

1994 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bennet-Clark ◽  
D Young
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Helmholtz Resonator ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
End Effect ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Pressure Changes

In male cicadas, sound is generated by a pair of tymbals on the abdomen (Pringle, 1954). The tymbals buckle inwards causing pressure changes in the abdominal cavity, from which sound is radiated through the tympana (Young, 1990). A recent model of sound production in cicadas suggests that the abdominal cavity and tympana act as the components of a Helmholtz resonator that is excited by the drive from the tymbals (Bennet-Clark and Young, 1992). A Helmholtz resonator consists of a cavity open to the outside via a hole which has a real or notional neck, and the resonant frequency fo is given by the general equation: where c is the speed of sound in the fluid, taken as 340 m s-1 for air, A is the area of the neck, L is the length of the neck and V is the volume of the cavity. Where the resonator has two holes, these terms should be somewhat modified: A is the combined area of the two holes, L is 16/3pi r (~1.7r) for a simple hole in a thin-walled vessel and r is the radius of one hole (Seto, 1971). These modifications to equation 1, which include corrections for the acoustic end-effect at either side of a simple hole in the wall of a vessel, are applicable to a model of the male cicada, in which there are two tympana close to the ventral surface of the abdomen.

Tymbal mechanics and the control of song frequency in the cicada Cyclochila australasiae

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (11) ◽  
pp. 1681-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bennet-Clark
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Resonant Frequencies ◽  
Storage Mechanism ◽  
Train Of Four ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Sound Pulses

The anatomy of the tymbal of Cyclochila australasiae was re-described and the mass of the tymbal plate, ribs and resilin pad was measured. The four ribs of the tymbal buckle inwards in sequence from posterior to anterior. Sound pulses were produced by pulling the tymbal apodeme to cause the tymbal to buckle inwards. A train of four sound pulses, each corresponding to the inward buckling of one rib, could be produced by each inward pull of the apodeme, followed by a single pulse as the tymbal buckled outwards after the release of the apodeme. Each preparation produced a consistent sequence of pulses. Each of the pulses produced had its maximum amplitude during the first cycle of vibration. The waveform started with an initial inward-going rarefaction followed by a larger outward compression, followed by an approximately exponential decay, as is typical of a resonant system. The mean dominant frequencies of the pulses produced during the inward movement were 4.37, 4.19, 3.92 and 3.17 kHz respectively. The pulse produced during the outward movement had a mean resonant frequency of 6.54 kHz. This suggests that the mass-to-stiffness ratio that determines the resonant frequencies of the various pulses differs from pulse to pulse. If succeeding pulses followed rapidly, the next pulse tended to start on the inward-going half-cycle of its predecessor and to produce a coherent waveform. Coherence was lost if the preceding pulse had decayed to below approximately one-tenth of its peak amplitude. When the tymbal plate was loaded by a 380 µg wire weight, the resonant frequency of all sound pulses was reduced. Pulses produced later in the inward buckling sequence were less affected by the loading than earlier ones. This suggests that the effective mass determining the resonance in the later pulses is greater than that in the earlier pulses. The frequency of the pulses produced in the outward movement was affected most, suggesting that the mass involved was less than that in any of the pulses produced by the inward movement. The quality factor, Q, of the pulses produced by the inward buckling of the unloaded tymbal was approximately 10. For the outward buckling, Q was approximately 6. The Q of loaded tymbals was higher than than that of unloaded tymbals. The Q of the resonances varied approximately as the reciprocal of the resonant frequency. Experimental removal of parts of the tymbal showed that the thick dorsal resilin pad was an important elastic determinant of the resonant frequency, but that the mass and elasticity of the tymbal ribs were also determinants of the resonant frequency. The major element of mass is the tymbal plate. The integrity of the tymbal ribs was essential if the buckling movement were to occur. The force required to cause inward buckling of the tymbal was approximately 0.25 N. The force required to hold the tymbal in the buckled-in position was approximately 0.05 N. This asymmetry in the tymbal compliance, together with the different masses involved in inward and outward buckling, may account for the difference between the resonant frequencies of the inward-going and outward-going clicks. The tymbal appears to act as an energy storage mechanism that releases energy as the tymbal ribs buckle inwards in sequence. Each pulse provides a large initial impulse to the abdominal resonator, followed by a sustaining resonant vibration at, or close to, the song frequency. Subsequent pulses maintain the coherent resonance of the song pulse.

scholarly journals Sound emission of solid surfaces through bubble layer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2119 (1) ◽  
pp. 012066
Author(s):  
I A Ogorodnikov
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Open Resonator ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Sound Emission ◽  
Field Radiation ◽  
Separate Line ◽  
Bubble Layer ◽  
Internal Properties ◽  
Sound Pulses

Abstract The analysis of the influence of a thin homogeneous bubble layer on sound emission from a solid surface is carried out. Sound pulses and monochromatic wave packets with a carrier frequency equal to the resonant frequency of the bubbles forming the bubble layer are considered. It is shown that the bubble layer transforms short sound pulses into wave sound packets and significantly reduces the amplitude of the emitted sound. The structure of a sinusoidal wave packet is transformed similarly. A long sound pulse is stored in the form of a pulse, its shape changes significantly. A homogeneous bubble layer near a solid radiating surface is an open resonator. The layer generates far-field radiation with spectral lines depending on the method of layer excitation and the internal properties of the bubble layer. The resonant frequency of the bubble is the limiting frequency in the spectrum, but it is not distinguished by a separate line.

Acoustics of Sound Production and of Hearing in the Bladder Cicada Cystosoma Saundersii (Westwood)

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.H. FLETCHER ◽  
K. G. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Electrical Network ◽  
Directional Hearing ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Radiated Sound ◽  
Song Frequency

The male cicada of the species Cystosoma saundersii has a grossly enlarged, hollow abdomen and emits a loud calling song with a fundamental frequency of about 800 Hz. At the song frequency, its hearing is nondirectional. The female of C. saundersii lacks sound producing organs, has no enlargement of the abdomen, but possesses an abdominal air sac and has well developed directional hearing at the frequency of the species' song. Physical mechanisms are proposed that explain these observations in semi-quantitative detail using the standard method of electrical network analogues. The abdomen in the male, with its enclosed air, is found to act as a system resonant at the song frequency, thus contributing a large gain in radiated sound intensity. Coupling between this resonator and the auditory tympana accounts for the observed hearing sensitivity in the male, but destroys directionality. In the female, the abdominal cavity acts in association with the two auditory tympana as part of a phase shift network which results in appreciable directionality of hearing at the unusually low frequency of the male song.

scholarly journals Localization of genes affecting species differences in male courtship song between Drosophila virilis and D. littoralis

2000 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNELI HOIKKALA ◽  
SELIINA PÄÄLLYSAHO ◽  
JOUNI ASPI ◽  
JAAKKO LUMME
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Pause Length ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Sound Pulses

The males of six species of the Drosophila virilis group (including D. virilis) keep their wings extended while producing a train of sound pulses, where the pulses follow each other without any pause. The males of the remaining five species of the group produce only one sound pulse during each wing extension/vibration, which results in species-specific songs with long pauses (in D. littoralis about 300 ms) between successive sound pulses. Genetic analyses of the differences between the songs of D. virilis and D. littoralis showed that species-specific song traits are affected by genes on the X chromosome, and for the length of pause, also by genes on chromosomes 3 and 4. The X chromosomal genes having a major impact on pulse and pause length were tightly linked with white, apricot and notched marker genes located at the proximal third of the chromosome. A large inversion in D. littoralis, marked by notched, prevents more precise localization of these genes by classical crossing methods.

Body Temperature and Singing in the Bladder Cicada, Cystosoma Saundersii

1979 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. JOSEPHSON ◽  
D. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Cooling Curve ◽  
Muscle Twitch ◽  
Temperature Excess ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
Artificial Heat ◽  
Sound Pulses

1. Body temperatures during singing were measured in the cicada, Cystosoma saundersii Westwood, both in the field and in tethered animals indoors. 2. The temperature of the sound-producing tymbal muscle rises rapidly during singing to reach a plateau approximately 12°C above ambient. This produces a temperature gradient in the abdominal air sac which surrounds the muscle. When singing stops, the tymbal muscle cools exponentially. 3. Heat production during singing, estimated from the cooling curve, is 4.82 cal min−1 g muscle−1. Generation of the same temperature excess in the air sac by an artificial heat source yields an estimated heat production of 54.4 cal min−1 g muscle−1. This discrepancy may be caused by air mixing in the air sac during singing. 4. As temperature rises, tymbal muscle twitch contractions become faster and stronger. This and heat transfer to the thorax cause changes in the song pattern: a marked decrease in the interval between the two sound pulses produced by a single tymbal buckling and a lesser decrease in the interval between bucklings. The fundamental sound period remains unaltered. These effects are consistent with earlier data on sound production. Note: Present address: Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92717, U.S.A.

The control of carrier frequency in cricket calls: a refutation of the subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback model

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.N. Prestwich ◽  
K.M. Lenihan ◽  
D.M. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Carrier Frequency ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Variable Frequency ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Spectral Purity ◽  
Feedback Model ◽  
Gryllus Rubens

The subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback hypothesis attempts to explain how crickets control the carrier frequency (f(C)), the loudness and the spectral purity of their calls. This model contrasts with the ‘clockwork cricket’ or escapement model by proposing that f(C) is not controlled by the resonance of the cricket's radiators (the harps) but is instead controlled neurally. It suggests that crickets are capable of driving their harps to vibrate at any frequency and that they use a tunable Helmholtz-like resonator consisting of the tegmina and the air within the subalar space to amplify and filter the f(C). This model predicts that f(C) is variable, that call loudness is related to tegminal position (and subalar volume) and that low-density gases should cause f(C) to increase. In Anurogryllus arboreus, f(C) is not constant and varied by as much as 0.8 % between pulses. Within each sound pulse, the average f(C) typically decreased from the first to the last third of a sound pulse by 9 %. When crickets called in a mixture of heliox and air, f(C) increased 1.07- to 1.14-fold above the value in air. However, if the subalar space were part of a Helmholtz-like resonator, then its resonant frequency should have increased by 40–50 %. Moreover, similar increases occurred in species that lack a subalar space (oecanthines). Experimental reduction of the subalar volume of singing crickets resulted neither in a change in f(C) nor in a change in loudness. Nor did crickets attempt to restore the subalar volume to its original value. These results disprove the presence of a subalar-tegminal resonator. The free resonance of freshly excised Gryllus rubens tegmina shifted by 1.09-fold when moved between air and a mixture of helium and air. Auditory feedback cannot be the cause of this shift, which is similar to the f(C) shifts in intact individuals of other species. Calculations show that the harp is 3.9-1.8 times more massive than the air that moves en masse with the vibrating harps. Replacing air with heliox-air lowers the mass of the vibrating system sufficiently to account for the f(C) shifts. These results re-affirm the ‘clockwork cricket’ (escapement) hypothesis. However, as realized by others, the harps should be viewed as narrow-band variable-frequency oscillators whose tuning may be controlled by factors that vary the effective mass.

scholarly journals Modeling and Analysis of the Noise Performance of the Capacitive Sensing Circuit with a Differential Transformer

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Xie ◽  
Ji Fan ◽  
Chun Zhao ◽  
Shitao Yan ◽  
Chenyuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Capacitance Measurement ◽  
Capacitive Sensing ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Measurement Resolution ◽  
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna ◽  
Quality Factor Q

Capacitive sensing is a key technique to measure the test mass movement with a high resolution for space-borne gravitational wave detectors, such as Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and TianQin. The capacitance resolution requirement of TianQin is higher than that of LISA, as the arm length of TianQin is about 15 times shorter. In this paper, the transfer function and capacitance measurement noise of the circuit are modeled and analyzed. Figure-of-merits, including the product of the inductance L and the quality factor Q of the transformer, are proposed to optimize the transformer and the capacitance measurement resolution of the circuit. The LQ product improvement and the resonant frequency augmentation are the key factors to enhance the capacitance measurement resolution. We fabricated a transformer with a high LQ product over a wide frequency band. The evaluation showed that the transformer can generate a capacitance resolution of 0.11 aF/Hz1/2 at a resonant frequency of 200 kHz, and the amplitude of the injection wave would be 0.6 V. This result supports the potential application of the proposed transformer in space-borne gravitational wave detection and demonstrates that it could relieve the stringent requirements for other parameters in the TianQin mission.

scholarly journals Air-Coupled and Resonant Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Technique

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Gómez Álvarez-Arenas ◽  
Jorge Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Decay Time ◽  
Dead Zone ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Ultrasonic Technique ◽  
First Wall ◽  
Resonant Modes ◽  
Quality Factor Q ◽  
Pulse Echo

An ultrasonic, resonant, pulse-echo, and air-coupled nondestructive testing (NDT) technique is presented. It is intended for components, with regular geometries where it is possible to excite resonant modes, made of materials that have a high acoustic impedance (Z) and low attenuation coefficient (α). Under these conditions, these resonances will present a very large quality factor (Q) and decay time (τ). This feature is used to avoid the dead zone, produced by the echo coming from the first wall, by receiving the resonant echo from the whole specimen over a longer period of time. This echo is analyzed in the frequency domain to determine specimen resonant frequency, which can be further used to determine either velocity or thickness. Using wideband air-coupled transducers, we tested the technique on plates (steel, aluminum, and silicone rubber) by exciting the mode of the first thickness. As expected, the higher the Z and the lower the α, the better the technique performed. Sensitivity to deviations of the angle of incidence away from normal (±2°) and the possibility to generate shear waves were also studied. Then, it was tested on steel cylindrical pipes that had different wall thicknesses and diameters. Finally, the use of this technique to generate C-Scan images of steel plates with different thicknesses was demonstrated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document