The role of support cells in the growth and differentiation of neurones in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia

During the late premetamorphic stages of development, the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia is surrounded by a group of support cells which later develop morphological properties characteristic of glial cells. These support cells contain large secretory granules whose contents are released primarily after the onset of the metamorphic phase. The release of the granule contents may signal the burst of neuronal growth and maturation that occurs following metamorphosis. The evidence supporting this idea is the following: (1) The release of the granule material after the onset of metamorphosis coincides with an increase in cell body growth and a more marked increase in the density of synapses within the neuropil. Both release and neuronal maturation can be blocked when metamorphosis is postponed by withholding the appropriate macroalgal substrate. (2) Premature release of the granule contents 2-3 weeks before metamorphosis with artificial sea water containing a high concentration of potassium results in an increase in cell body growth, density of synapses, and the number of spines formed and contacts received by specific identified cells. (3) Artificially inducing the release of the granule material in animals whose metamorphosis has been prevented (by withholding the appropriate substrate) still produces an increase in cell body growth and density of synapses. These results suggest that the release of material from support cell granules provides a general stimulus for neuronal differentiation including cell body growth, spine development, and synapse formation.

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PUFA and their derivatives in neurotransmission and synapses: a new hallmark of synaptopathies

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120000129 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 388-403

Author(s):

Mathieu Di Miceli ◽

Clémentine Bosch-Bouju ◽

Sophie Layé

Keyword(s):

Synapse Formation ◽

Synaptic Function ◽

Past Century ◽

High Concentration ◽

Dietary Pufa ◽

Synaptic Functions ◽

Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽

Optimal Function ◽

The Brain

PUFA of the n-3 and n-6 families are present in high concentration in the brain where they are major components of cell membranes. The main forms found in the brain are DHA (22 :6, n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6). In the past century, several studies pinpointed that modifications of n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels in the brain through dietary supply or genetic means are linked to the alterations of synaptic function. Yet, synaptopathies emerge as a common characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropsychiatric diseases and some neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of action underlying the activity of PUFA at the level of synapses is thus of high interest. In this frame, dietary supplementation in PUFA aiming at restoring or promoting the optimal function of synapses appears as a promising strategy to treat synaptopathies. This paper reviews the link between dietary PUFA, synapse formation and the role of PUFA and their metabolites in synaptic functions.

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Effect of High Salt Concentration on Ion Clustering and Transport in Polymer Solid Electrolytes: a Molecular Dynamics Study of PEO-LiTFSI

10.26434/chemrxiv.6294941.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nicola Molinari ◽

Jonathan P. Mailoa ◽

Boris Kozinsky

Keyword(s):

Polymer Electrolyte ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Rational Design ◽

Material System ◽

Ion Dynamics ◽

High Concentration ◽

Anion Clusters ◽

Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽

Poly Ethylene

<div> <div> <div> <p>The model and analysis methods developed in this work are generally applicable to any polymer electrolyte/cation-anion combination, but we focus on the currently most prominent polymer electrolyte material system: poly(ethylene) oxide/Li- bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide (PEO + LiTFSI). The obtained results are surprising and challenge the conventional understanding of ionic transport in polymer electrolytes: the investigation of a technologically relevant salt concentration range (1 - 4 M) revealed the central role of the anion in coordinating and hindering Li ion movement. Our results provide insights into correlated ion dynamics, at the same time enabling rational design of better PEO-based electrolytes. In particular, we report the following novel observations. 1. Strong binding of the Li cation with the polymer competes with significant correlation of the cation with the salt anion. 2. The appearance of cation-anion clusters, especially at high concentration. 3. The asymmetry in the composition (and therefore charge) of such clusters; specifically, we find the tendency for clusters to have a higher number of anions than cations.</p> </div> </div> </div>

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Effect of High Salt Concentration on Ion Clustering and Transport in Polymer Solid Electrolytes: a Molecular Dynamics Study of PEO-LiTFSI

10.26434/chemrxiv.6294941 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nicola Molinari ◽

Jonathan P. Mailoa ◽

Boris Kozinsky

Keyword(s):

Polymer Electrolyte ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Rational Design ◽

Material System ◽

Ion Dynamics ◽

High Concentration ◽

Anion Clusters ◽

Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽

Poly Ethylene

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The Role of pH on Infrared Spectral, Structural and Morphological Properties of Room-temperature Precipitated CdS Nanoparticles

Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics ◽

10.21272/jnep.12(1).01017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 01017-1-01017-4

Author(s):

C. K. Sheng ◽

◽

Y. M. Alrababah ◽

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Cds Nanoparticles ◽

Infrared Spectral

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MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION IN ENCLOSED COASTAL SEAS

Proceedings of International Conference "Managinag risks to coastal regions and communities in a changinag world" (EMECS'11 - SeaCoasts XXVI) ◽

10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316091bec ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Keizo Negi ◽

Takuya Ishikawa ◽

Kenichiro Iba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Water Quality ◽

Water Mass ◽

Sea Water ◽

Red Tide ◽

Water Environment ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Tokyo Bay ◽

View Point ◽

High Concentration

Japan experienced serious water pollution during the period of high economic growth in 1960s. It was also the period that we had such damages to human health, fishery and living conditions due to red tide as much of chemicals, organic materials and the like flowing into the seas along the growing population and industries in the coastal areas. Notable in those days was the issues of environment conservation in the enclosed coastal seas where pollutants were prone to accumulate inside due to low level of water circulation, resulting in the issues including red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass. In responding to these issues, we implemented countermeasures like effluent control with the Water Pollution Control Law and improvement/expansion of sewage facilities. In the extensive enclosed coastal seas of Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and the Seto Inland Sea, the three areas of high concentration of population, we implemented water quality total reduction in seven terms from 1979, reducing the total quantities of pollutant load of COD, TN and TP. Sea water quality hence has been on an improvement trend as a whole along the steady reduction of pollutants from the land. We however recognize that there are differences in improvement by sea area such as red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass continue to occur in some areas. Meanwhile, it has been pointed out that bio-diversity and bio-productivity should be secured through conservation/creation of tidal flats and seaweed beds in the view point of “Bountiful Sea” To work at these challenges, through the studies depending on the circumstances of the water environment in the enclosed coastal seas, we composed “The Policy of Desirable State of 8th TPLCS” in 2015. We have also added the sediment DO into the water quality standard related to the life-environmental items in view of the preservation of aquatic creatures in the enclosed water areas. Important from now on, along the Policy, is to proceed with necessary measures to improve water quality with good considerations of differences by area in the view point of “Beautiful and bountiful Sea”.

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Focused ultrasound in neuro-oncology: the role of the Focused Ultrasound Foundation in driving adoption and innovation

Journal of Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1007/s11060-021-03808-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emily C. Whipple ◽

Camille A. Favero ◽

Neal F. Kassell

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Brain Tumors ◽

Focused Ultrasound ◽

Clinical Evidence ◽

Neurological Injury ◽

High Concentration ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Tumor Agent

Abstract Introduction Intra-arterial (lA) delivery of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an evolving strategy which enables the distribution of high concentration therapeutics through a targeted vascular territory, while potentially limiting systemic toxicity. Studies have demonstrated lA methods to be safe and efficacious for a variety of therapeutics. However, further characterization of the clinical efficacy of lA therapy for the treatment of brain tumors and refinement of its potential applications are necessary. Methods We have reviewed the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting superselective intraarterial cerebral infusion (SSJACI) with BBB disruption for the treatment of brain tumors. In addition, we review ongoing clinical trials expanding the applicability and investigating the efficacy of lA therapy for the treatment of brain tumors. Results Trends in recent studies have embraced the use of SSIACI and less neurotoxic chemotherapies. The majority of trials continue to use mannitol as the preferred method of hyperosmolar BBB disruption. Recent preclinical and preliminary human investigations into the lA delivery of Bevacizumab have demonstrated its safety and efficacy as an anti-tumor agent both alone and in combination with chemotherapy. Conclusion lA drug delivery may significantly affect the way treatment are delivered to patients with brain tumors, and in particular GBM. With refinement and standardization of the techniques of lA drug delivery, improved drug selection and formulations, and the development of methods to minimize treatment-related neurological injury, lA therapy may offer significant benefits for the treatment of brain tumors.

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The Role of Temperature in the Hydrothermal Synthesis on the Structural and Morphological Properties of MoS2

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1951/1/012014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1951 (1) ◽

pp. 012014

Author(s):

Hudya Fitra Hasmin ◽

Cuk Imawan ◽

Vivi Fauzia

Keyword(s):

Hydrothermal Synthesis ◽

Morphological Properties

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I Like the Way You Eat It: Lemur (Indri indri) Gut Mycobiome and Geophagy

Microbial Ecology ◽

10.1007/s00248-020-01677-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luigimaria Borruso ◽

Alice Checcucci ◽

Valeria Torti ◽

Federico Correa ◽

Camillo Sandri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Material ◽

Soil Characteristics ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

Fungal Species ◽

High Concentration ◽

Beneficial Role ◽

Intimate Connection ◽

Indri Indri ◽

Lemur Species

AbstractHere, we investigated the possible linkages among geophagy, soil characteristics, and gut mycobiome of indri (Indri indri), an endangered lemur species able to survive only in wild conditions. The soil eaten by indri resulted in enriched secondary oxide-hydroxides and clays, together with a high concentration of specific essential micronutrients. This could partially explain the role of the soil in detoxification and as a nutrient supply. Besides, we found that soil subject to geophagy and indris’ faeces shared about 8.9% of the fungal OTUs. Also, several genera (e.g. Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium) commonly associated with soil and plant material were found in both geophagic soil and indri samples. On the contrary, some taxa with pathogenic potentials, such as Cryptococcus, were only found in indri samples. Further, many saprotrophs and plant-associated fungal taxa were detected in the indri faeces. These fungal species may be involved in the digestion processes of leaves and could have a beneficial role in their health. In conclusion, we found an intimate connection between gut mycobiome and soil, highlighting, once again, the potential consequent impacts on the wider habitat.

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Metabotropic glutamate receptor dependent EPSP and EPSP-spike potentiation in area CA1 of the submerged rat hippocampal slice

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3126 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 3126-3135 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

N. A. Breakwell ◽

M. J. Rowan ◽

R. Anwyl

Keyword(s):

Nmda Receptor ◽

Receptor Antagonist ◽

Cell Body ◽

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

High Frequency Stimulation ◽

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential ◽

Area Ca1 ◽

Gabaa Receptor Antagonist

1. We reexamined the important areas of conflict in (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid [(1S,3R)-ACPD]-induced potentiation of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and, for the first time, investigated the role of mGluRs in EPSP-spike (E-S) coupling. 2. (1S,3R)-ACPD (10 microM) bath applied for 20 min consistently induced a long-lasting potentiation of the dendritic EPSP in area CA1 of submerged rat hippocampal slices, which was considerably faster in onset than described previously. 3. This effect was not associated with any change in presynaptic fiber volley but was dependent on both an intact CA3 connection, because removal of area CA3 blocked (1S,3R)-ACPD-induced potentiation, and also on functional N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, because (1S,3R)-ACPD-induced potentiation was blocked by inclusion of the NMDA receptor antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5; 50 microM). 4. (1S,3R)-ACPD induced a long-lasting potentiation of the population spike (PS) amplitude that was consistently larger than that of the EPSP measured in the cell body area. This EPSP-PS (E-S) potentiation was blocked by inclusion of the gamma-aminobuturic acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonist, picrotoxin (50 microM). 5. E-S potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS), which was of the same magnitude as that induced by (1S,3R)-ACPD, was blocked by the mGluR-selective antagonist (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (+MCPG; 250 microM). +MCPG also blocked HFS-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) of the EPSP measured in the cell body. 6. These results suggest that (1S,3R)-ACPD-induced potentiation is NMDA receptor dependent, contrary to some previous findings, and provide further evidence that both synaptic and E-S potentiation induced by (1S,3R)-ACPD share common mechanisms of expression with HFS-induced LTP. The data emphasize the important role of mGluRs in induction of EPSP LTP and E-S potentiation.

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