scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation in Landrace/Large White swine: a research model

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Xanthos ◽  
P Lelovas ◽  
I Vlachos ◽  
N Tsirikos-Karapanos ◽  
E Kouskouni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Lithium Battery ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽  
Advanced Life Support ◽  
Coronary Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Successful Resuscitation

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a field of continuous research. In order to answer various questions regarding SCD, several animal models have been developed. The aim of the present study is to describe our experimental model of inducing cardiac arrest in Landrace/Large White pigs, and then resuscitated according to the International Guidelines on resuscitation. Fifteen Landrace/Large White pigs were anaesthetized and intubated while spontaneously breathing. The left and right jugular veins, as well as the femoral and the carotid arteries, were surgically prepared. Induction of cardiac arrest was achieved by using an ordinary rechargeable lithium battery, through a pacemaker wire inserted into the right ventricle. The typical Advanced Life Support (ALS) protocol was followed, and in case of restoration of spontaneous circulation, the animals were further evaluated for 30 min. Seven animals were successfully resuscitated using this protocol, whereas eight failed resuscitation efforts. Successful resuscitation was contingent on the restoration of the levels of coronary perfusion pressure and PETCO2 during chest compressions. Among the different ways of inducing cardiac arrest, the ordinary lithium battery is a simple, safe and valuable technique. Landrace/Large White pigs' baseline haemodynamics closely resemble human haemodynamics, making the breed a favourable model for resuscitation.

scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a swine model of cardiac arrest

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
T. XANTHOS (Θ. ΞΑΝΘΟΣ) ◽  
E. BASSIAKOU (Ε. ΜΠΑΣΙΑΚΟΥ) ◽  
D. PAPADIMITRIOU (Δ. ΠΑΠΑΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ) ◽  
E. KOUDOUNA (Ε. ΚΟΥΔΟΥΝΑ) ◽  
P. LELOVAS (Π. ΛΕΛΟΒΑΣ) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Lithium Battery ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Swine Model ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Successful Resuscitation

Introduction: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a daunting medical emergency. In order to answer various questions regarding CA, and furthermore to implement novel therapeutic strategies, various animal models have been used.Aim: The aim of the present study is to describe the experimental model of CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), developed in our department.Materials and methods: Twenty pigs were anaesthetized and intubated. The internal jugular veins were surgically prepared, together with the carotid artery. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced with an ordinary lithium battery through a pacing wire inserted into the right ventricle. The animals were resuscitated with the 2005 advanced life support algorythm (ALS), as proposed by International organizations. If the animals restored spontaneous circulation, they were further monitored for 30 minutes.Results: Nine animals restored spontaneous circulation with the implementation of the aforementioned protocol. Successful resuscitation was associated with the coronary perfusion pressure and PETCQ2 during external cardiac compressions.Conclusions: The use of an ordinary lithium battery is a safe and efficient way to induce CA. Swine baseline hemodynamics closely resemble those of human, making the swine model, a favorable model for experimental CA-induction and CPR.

scholarly journals Does ‘heads-up’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation improve outcomes for patients in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Andrew Elphinstone ◽  
Samantha Laws
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Advanced Life Support ◽  
Coronary Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: Survival rates for patients in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have remained around 10% in the United Kingdom for the past seven years. If outcomes are to be improved, research into new methods of advanced life support is required. One such method may be ‘heads-up’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Methods: A systematic review of literature exploring heads-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation was conducted in an attempt to identify its effects on survival to discharge and neurological outcome.Results: A comprehensive search of CINAHL, MEDLINE and Google Scholar was undertaken. Six papers were classed as sufficiently relevant for inclusion. Included studies were generally of low quality and none studied the effect of heads-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Animal studies identified a significant reduction in intracranial pressure and increase in cerebral and coronary perfusion pressure for use of augmented heads-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the porcine model of cardiac arrest.Conclusion: Further research is required to analyse the effects and potential benefits of augmented heads-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the mouse

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1222-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Song ◽  
Max Harry Weil ◽  
Wanchun Tang ◽  
Shijie Sun ◽  
Tommaso Pellis
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Successful Resuscitation ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
The Right

We sought to develop a model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation on mice that would be comparable to that of large mammals and would allow for more fundamental investigations on cardiopulmonary arrest and cardiac resuscitation. A model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation previously developed by our group on rats was adapted to anesthetized, mechanically ventilated adult male Institute of Cancer Research mice that weighed 46 ± 3 g. The trachea was intubated through the mouth, and end-tidal Pco 2(Pet CO2 ) was measured with a microcapnometer. Catheters were advanced into the aorta and into the right atrium, and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was computed. A 1.5-mA alternating current was delivered to the right ventricular endocardium, which produced ventricular fibrillation or a pulseless rhythm. Precordial compression was begun 4 min later. Ten sequential studies were performed, during which five animals were successfully resuscitated and five failed resuscitation efforts. Successful resuscitation was contingent on the restoration of threshold levels of CPP and Pet CO2 during chest compression. As in rats, swine, and human patients, threshold levels of mean aortic pressure, CPP, and Pet CO2 were critical determinates of resuscitability in this murine model of threshold level of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

Abstract 14109: Basic Life Support With Reperfusion Injury Protection Improves 24 Hour Survival Outcomes in a Porcine Model of Prolonged Cardiac Arrest

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Debaty ◽  
Keith G Lurie ◽  
Anja Metzger ◽  
Michael Lick ◽  
Jason Bartos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Basic Life Support ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Coronary Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Introduction: Ischemic postconditioning (PC) using 3 intentional short pauses at the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves outcomes after cardiac arrest in pigs when epinephrine (epi) is used before defibrillation. Hypothesis: Basic life support (BLS) with PC will protect against reperfusion injury and enhance 24 hour functional recovery in the absence of epi. Methods: Female pigs (n=46; wt ~ 40 kg) were anesthetized (isoflurane). PC was delivered using 3 cycles alternating between automated CPR for 20 sec and no CPR for 20 sec at the start of each protocol. Protocol A: After 12 minutes of ventricular fibrillation (VF), 28 pigs were randomized in 4 groups: A/ Standard CPR (SCPR), B/ active compression-decompression with an impedance threshold device (ACD-ITD), C/ SCPR+PC (SCPR+PC) and D/ ACD-ITD+PC. Protocol B: After 15 min of VF, 18 pigs were randomized to ACD-ITD CPR or ACD-ITD + PC. The BLS duration was 2.75 min in Protocol A and 5 min in Protocol B. Following BLS up to 3 shocks were delivered. Without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) CPR was resumed and epi (0.5 mg) and defibrillation delivered. The primary end point was the incidence of major adverse outcomes at 24 h (defined as death or coma, refractory seizures and cardio-respiratory distress leading to euthanasia). Hemodynamic parameters and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were also measured. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. Results: Protocol A: ACD-ITD CPR + PC (group D) provided the highest coronary perfusion pressure after 3 min of BLS compared with the 3 other groups (28 ± 6, 35 ± 7, 23 ± 5 and 47 ± 7 for groups A, B, C, D respectively, p= 0.05 by ANOVA). ROSC with BLS was achieved in 0, 3, 0, and 3 pigs in groups A, B, C and D, respectively (p=0.22) with no significant differences in 24-hour survival between groups. Protocol B: Four hours post ROSC, LVEF was significantly higher with ACD-ITD+IPC vs ACD-ITD alone (52.5 ± 3% vs. 37.5 ± 6.6%, p = 0.045). There was a significantly lower incidence of major adverse outcomes 24 hr after ROSC with ACD-ITD+PC compared with ACD-ITD alone (Log-rank comparison, p=0.027). Conclusion: BLS using ACD-ITD + PC mitigates post resuscitation cardiac dysfunction and facilitates neurological recovery after prolonged untreated VF in pigs.

Abstract 289: Effect of Elevated Legs on Hemodynamic Performance During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Porcine Model of Cardiac Arrest

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Qvigstad ◽  
Andres Neset ◽  
Theresa M Olasveengen ◽  
øystein Tømte ◽  
Morten Eriksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Advanced Life Support ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
End Tidal

Purpose of the study: During advanced life support (ALS) end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO 2 ) reflects cardiac output (CO). A recent clinical study found an association between passive leg raising (PLR) and increased EtCO 2 during ALS. This may reflect a transient increase in pulmonary blood flow and CO, but might cause a detrimental decrease in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). We evaluated the effect of PLR during experimental ALS in a randomized, factorial design. Materials and methods: In nine anesthetized domestic pigs (30±1.8 kg) ventricular fibrillation was induced electrically. After 3 minutes of no-flow, mechanical chest compressions (5cm @ 100 min -1 ) were started. During four 5-minute segments of CPR we measured CO, EtCO 2 , perfusion pressures, carotid and cerebral cortical microcirculatory blood flow (MBF) and CPP (the average of the positive pressure difference between decompression aortic pressure (AP) and right atrial pressure (RAP)) at minute 2 and 4. Interventions were provided in a randomized sequence with PLR vs supine position, with or without epinephrine (0.5mg iv). Values are given as mean±standard deviation. Results: PLR did not increase EtCO2 compared to supine position (3.1±0.7 vs 3.0±0.8 kPa), but CO was minimally increased from 1.1±0.3 to 1.2±0.3 Lmin -1 ,(p=0.003). PLR did not significantly increase AP (57±15 vs. 48±18 mmHg, p=0.3), but RAP was higher (43±10 vs. 31±7, p=0.003). However, no difference was found in CPP due to marked variation in both groups (median(range): PLR 20 (9,43) and supine 17(9,58)). The effect of epinephrine during this experimental setup was minimal. Conclusion: We did not find a positive effect of PLR during experimental ALS, but there were no obviously detrimental effects either.

Abstract 152: Intrinsic Vascular Tone may be Necessary for Successful Resuscitation from Experimental Cardiac Arrest

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ramadeen ◽  
Gerhard Dashi ◽  
Xudong Hu ◽  
Albert K Tsui ◽  
Lily Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Intrathoracic Pressure ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Coronary Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Successful Resuscitation

Introduction: Survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are often <10% despite performance of good quality CPR. We assessed the hypothesis that the effect of CPR on cardiac and brain perfusion may be dependent on factors other than thoracic compression force and ventilation. Methods: Eighty healthy Yorkshire pigs (29±3 kg) were anesthetized and underwent 2-4 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF), followed by guideline based CPR, then defibrillation. “Survivors” were pigs in sinus rhythm with aortic systolic pressure ≥30 mmHg 30 minutes after defibrillation; all others were “non-survivors”. Hemodynamic, ventilatory and defibrillation parameters were measured and tested for association with survival. Results: Thirty four pigs survived (43%). During baseline and untreated VF, hemodynamic and blood gas parameters were not different between survivors and non-survivors. During CPR, compressions generated adequate left ventricular pressures in both groups (99±21 mmHg vs. 106±28 mmHg, survivors vs. non-survivors, P=ns). Compressions produced 28% higher peak aortic pressures in survivors than non-survivors (respectively 73±21 mmHg vs. 57±17 mmHg, P<0.005). During the decompression phase, nadir aortic pressures were 41% higher in survivors than non-survivors (respectively 24±7 mmHg vs. 17±5 mmHg, P<0.0001). Controlled manual bag ventilation during CPR resulted in significantly higher minute ventilation being delivered to survivors compared to non-survivors (4.8±2.3 L/min vs. 3.9±1.4 L/min, P<0.05). Coronary perfusion pressure, carotid blood flow, cerebral O 2 tension, and end tidal CO 2 were also higher in survivors. Conclusions: Guideline based CPR in a uniform population of pigs undergoing a structured cardiac arrest and resuscitation protocol does not produce consistent results. Intravascular pressures, intrathoracic pressure and critical organ flow correlate with survival. During cardiac arrest, more emphasis may need to be placed on vascular support rather than powerful compressions.

scholarly journals Cardiac arrest complicating cardiogenic shock: from pathophysiological insights to Impella-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pheochromocytoma-induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy—a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Zilio ◽  
Simone Muraglia ◽  
Roberto Bonmassari
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Cardiogenic Shock ◽  
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Coronary Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Refractory Cardiac Arrest

Abstract Background A ‘catecholamine storm’ in a case of pheochromocytoma can lead to a transient left ventricular dysfunction similar to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. A cardiogenic shock can thus develop, with high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a reduction in coronary perfusion pressure. This scenario can ultimately lead to a cardiac arrest, in which unloading the left ventricle with a peripheral left ventricular assist device (Impella®) could help in achieving the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Case summary A patient affected by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy caused by a pheochromocytoma presented with cardiogenic shock that finally evolved into refractory cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed but ROSC was achieved only after Impella® placement. Discussion In the clinical scenario of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy due to pheochromocytoma, when cardiogenic shock develops treatment is difficult because exogenous catecholamines, required to maintain organ perfusion, could exacerbate hypertension and deteriorate the cardiomyopathy. Moreover, as the coronary perfusion pressure is critically reduced, refractory cardiac arrest could develop. Although veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ECMO) has been advocated as the treatment of choice for in-hospital refractory cardiac arrest, in the presence of left ventricular overload a device like Impella®, which carries fewer complications as compared to ECMO, could be effective in obtaining the ROSC by unloading the left ventricle.

Abstract 12018: Cardiac Ultrasound Performed During Cardiac Arrest has Potential to Detect Pulmonary Embolism as a Reversible Cause of Cardiac Arrest when Compared to Hypoxia and Ventricular Fibrillation - A Randomized Porcine Study

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Aagaard ◽  
Philip Caap ◽  
Nicolaj C Hansson ◽  
Morten T Bøtker ◽  
Asger Granfeldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Advanced Life Support ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Cardiac Ultrasound ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Hypoxia Group ◽  
Rhythm Analysis

Introduction: Survival from non-shockable cardiac arrest is unlikely unless a reversible cause is identified and treated. Guidelines state that ultrasound has the potential to identify reversible causes. Currently, ultrasonographic findings from patients with spontaneous circulation are extrapolated to patients in cardiac arrest. While right ventricular (RV) dilation is a finding normally associated with pulmonary embolism (PE), porcine studies have shown that RV dilation is also seen in ventricular fibrillation (VF) and severe hypoxia. No studies have investigated how causes of cardiac arrest affect RV size during resuscitation. Hypothesis: The RV diameter is larger during resuscitation of cardiac arrest caused by PE when compared to hypoxia and VF. Methods: Pigs were anesthetized and randomized to cardiac arrest induced by VF, hypoxia, or PE. Advanced life support (ALS) was preceded by 7 minutes of untreated cardiac arrest. Cardiac ultrasound images of the RV from a subcostal 5-chamber view were obtained during induction of cardiac arrest and ALS. The RV diameter was measured two centimeters from the aortic valve at end diastole. RV diameter at 3rd rhythm analysis was the primary endpoint. Based on pilot studies a sample size of 8 animals in each group was needed. Results: Eight animals were included in each group. RV diameter was not statistically different at baseline (mean (95%CI)) in VF: 19.8 (18.0-21.5) mm, hypoxia: 19.8 (16.6-22.9) mm, and PE: 21.8 (19.2-24.3) mm. During induction of cardiac arrest the RV diameter increased to 29.6 (27.3-31.9) mm in the hypoxia group and 38.0 (33.4-42.6) mm in the PE group (difference to baseline and between groups, both p<0.01). Induction of VF caused an immediate increase in the RV diameter to 25.0 (21.2-28.8) mm (difference to baseline p<0.01). At 3rd rhythm analysis, RV diameter was 32.4 (28.6-36.2) mm in the PE group, which was significantly larger than both the hypoxia group at 23.3 (19.5-27.0) mm and the VF group at 24.9 (22.2-27.5) mm (difference between groups p<0.01). Conclusions: Cardiac arrest due to VF, hypoxia, and PE all caused an increase in RV diameter. During resuscitation the RV was larger in PE compared to VF and hypoxia. Cardiac ultrasound thus has the potential to detect PE during resuscitation.

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