scholarly journals Transmission of murine viruses and mycoplasma in laboratory mouse colonies with respect to housing conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix R. Homberger ◽  
Peter E. Thomann
Keyword(s):  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Mycoplasma Pulmonis ◽  
Common Criteria ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
The Common

Pathogen-free sentinel mice were placed in 7 animal rooms with different housing conditions and were serologically screened for antibodies to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), Sendai virus, reovirus 3, Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), ectromelia virus and Mycoplasma pulmonis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, at intervals after introduction. The most commonly detected antibody was against MHV, which was found in mice from 4 rooms, followed by PVM antibody in mice from 3 rooms. Seroconversion to Sendai virus and TMEV was detected in mice from one room each. No seroconversion to any of the antigens was found in 2 rooms. The common criteria of these 2 rooms were that they housed pathogen-free animals from a single source and that the access to the rooms was, purposely or not, restricted to people who had no contact to other mice. The study demonstrated the importance of husbandry and hygienic regimen on the prevalence of infectious agents in laboratory mice.

scholarly journals Multiplex Immunochromatographic Assay for Serologic Diagnosis of Major Infectious Diseases in Laboratory Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-795
Author(s):  
Noriko Tosa ◽  
Tomoko Ishida ◽  
Kumiko Yoshimatsu ◽  
Nobuhito Hayashimoto ◽  
Kanae Shiokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Immunochromatographic Assay ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Serum Samples

Serologic monitoring of infectious diseases is important for microbial control in colonies of laboratory mice. Rapid and simple tests that do not require killing animals are valuable for this purpose. In this study, we developed a multiplex immunochromatographic assay (ICA) for detection of antibodies to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Sendai virus (also known as hemagglutinating virus of Japan [HVJ]), and Clostridium piliforme (The pathogen that causes Tyzzer disease), which are major infectious diseases in mice. For this assay, an ICA strip was put into a microtube containing 150 μL PBS and either 0.75 μL mouse serum or 1.5 μL whole blood. Binding antibodies were visualized by using protein A-conjugated colloidal gold. Under these conditions, multiplex ICA simultaneously and specifically detected antibodies to multiple antigens. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of multiplex ICA, positive serum samples for each infectious disease were used. Sensitivities of the multiplex ICA test for MHV, HVJ, and C. piliforme were 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively. No nonspecific reaction was observed in any of the 30 positive sera. In addition, 10 samples of uninfected sera did not show any bands except for the control line. These observations indicate high specificity of the multiplex ICA test. Moreover, the multiplex ICA could be applied to diluted blood. These results indicate that the multiplex ICA is appropriate for rapid, simple, and safe serologic testing of laboratory mice.

Contemporary prevalence of infectious agents in laboratory mice and rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen R Pritchett-Corning ◽  
Janice Cosentino ◽  
Charles B Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Periodic health screening of rodents used in research is necessary due to the consequences of unwanted infections. One determinant of the risk of infection for any given agent is its prevalence; other factors being equal, a prevalent agent is more likely than a rare one to be introduced to a research facility and result in infection. As an indicator of contemporary prevalence in laboratory populations of rats and mice, the rate of positive results in the samples received at a major commercial rodent diagnostic laboratory was compiled for this paper. Although samples from laboratory rodent vendors have been excluded, results are tabulated from samples from more than 500,000 mice and 80,000 rats submitted over several years from pharmaceutical, biotechnology, academic, and governmental institutions in North America and Europe, allowing meaningful determination of which agents are common in the research environment versus which agents are rare. In mice, commonly detected infectious agents include mouse norovirus, the parvoviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, rotavirus, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, Helicobacter spp., Pasteurella pneumotropica, and pinworms. In rats, commonly detected infectious agents include ‘rat respiratory virus’, the parvoviruses, rat theilovirus, Helicobacter spp., P. pneumotropica, and pinworms. A risk-based allocation of health-monitoring resources should concentrate frequency and/or sample size on these high-risk agents, and monitor less frequently for the remaining, lower-risk, infectious agents.

scholarly journals Serodiagnosis of Mice Minute Virus and Mouse Parvovirus Infections in Mice by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Baculovirus-Expressed Recombinant VP2 Proteins

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Livingston ◽  
David G. Besselsen ◽  
Earl K. Steffen ◽  
Cynthia L. Besch-Williford ◽  
Craig L. Franklin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Baculovirus System ◽  
Minute Virus

ABSTRACT Mice minute virus (MMV) and mouse parvovirus (MPV) type 1 are the two parvoviruses known to naturally infect laboratory mice and are among the most prevalent infectious agents found in contemporary laboratory mouse colonies. Serologic assays are commonly used to diagnose MMV and MPV infections in laboratory mice; however, highly accurate, high-throughput serologic assays for the detection of MMV- and MPV-infected mice are needed. To this end, the major capsid viral protein (VP2) genes of MMV and MPV were cloned and MMV recombinant VP2 (rVP2) and MPV rVP2 proteins were expressed by using a baculovirus system. MMV rVP2 and MPV rVP2 spontaneously formed virus-like particles that were morphologically similar to empty parvovirus capsids. These proteins were used as antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect anti-MMV or anti-MPV antibodies in the sera of infected mice. Sera from mice experimentally infected with MMV (n = 43) or MPV (n = 35) and sera from uninfected mice (n = 30) were used to evaluate the ELISAs. The MMV ELISA was 100% sensitive and 100% specific in detecting MMV-infected mice, and the MPV ELISA was 100% sensitive and 98.6% specific in detecting MPV-infected mice. Both assays outperformed a parvovirus ELISA that uses a recombinant nonstructural protein (NS1) of MMV as antigen. The MMV rVP2 and MPV rVP2 proteins provide a ready source of easily produced antigen, and the ELISAs developed provide highly accurate, high-throughput assays for the serodiagnosis of MMV and MPV infections in laboratory mice.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Serodetection of 10 Highly Prevalent Mouse Infectious Pathogens in a Single Reaction by Multiplex Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran H. Khan ◽  
Lon V. Kendall ◽  
Melanie Ziman ◽  
Scott Wong ◽  
Sara Mendoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Multiplex Assay ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Microbeads

ABSTRACT Under current practices of mouse colony maintenance, sera from mice are analyzed for antibodies against several widespread infectious pathogens by conventional immunoassays, generally enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To test for multiple agents, these methods consume large volumes of mouse serum and are laborious and time-consuming. More efficient immunoassays, using small amounts of sample, are therefore needed. Accordingly, we have developed a novel multiplex diagnostic system that employs fluorescent microbeads, coated with purified antigens, for simultaneous serodetection of 10 mouse infectious agents. Individually identifiable, fluorescent microbeads were coated with antigens from Sendai virus, mouse hepatitis virus, Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus/GDVII strain, mouse minute virus, mouse cytomegalovirus, respiratory enteric orphan virus (Reo-3 virus), mouse parvovirus, calf rotavirus for epizootic diarrhea virus of infant mice, vaccinia virus for ectromelia virus, and Mycoplasma pulmonis. Standard sera, singly positive for antibodies to individual infectious agents, were generated by inoculation of BALB/cj and C57BL/6j mice. Sera from these experimentally infected mice, as well as sera from naturally infected mice, were analyzed using a mixture of microbeads coated with antigens of the 10 infectious agents listed above. Results demonstrated that the multiplex assay was at least as sensitive and specific as ELISA for serodetection. Importantly, the multiplex assay required only 1 microliter of serum for simultaneous serodetection of the 10 mouse infectious agents in one reaction vessel. Thus, this multiplex microbead assay is a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective diagnostic modality that will impact serosurveillance of mice used in research.

scholarly journals The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Kholhring Lalchhandama
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Human Viruses

Coronaviruses first appeared as chicken virus that cause respiratory disease. Historical reconsideration tells that coronavirus infection originated in the early 20th century. The first definitive account of the infection was given by Arthur Schalk and Merle Fawn in 1931 as a “new respiratory disease of baby chicks.” Leland Bushnell and Carl Brandly established virus as the causative agent in 1933 and was called infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which eventually became the coronavirus type species. An apparently unrelated viral infection was discovered from laboratory mice in 1949 as JHM that caused encephalomyelitis and another in 1951 as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Study in the 1960s of viruses causing common colds in humans revealed unusual human viruses (designated B814 and 229E as the sample codes). Development of transmission electron microscopy enabled structural visualisation for the first around time ­and with startling revelation – IBV, MHV, B814 and 229E were fundamentally the same virus having characteristic halo around the spherical viral core, a reminisce of solar corona for which they get a new name, coronaviruses, in 1968. The available historical records are incomplete and sometimes inaccurately represented, and this article attempt to mend the flaws whilst giving a more detailed account.

scholarly journals Anℋ∞Optimal Robust Pole Placement with Fixed Transparent Controller Structure on the Basis of Nonnegativity of Even Spectral Polynomials

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Sarjaš ◽  
Rajko Svečko ◽  
Amor Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Controller Design ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Pole Placement ◽  
Robust Controller ◽  
Reference Tracking ◽  
Common Criteria ◽  
Sensitivity Problem ◽  
The Common ◽  
Partial Fraction Decomposition ◽  
Iterative Evolution

This paper presents the synthesis of an optimal robust controller with the use of pole placement technique. The presented method includes solving a polynomial equation on the basis of the chosen fixed characteristic polynomial and introduced parametric solutions with a known parametric structure of the controller. Robustness criteria in an unstructured uncertainty description with metrics of normℋ∞are for a more reliable and effective formulation of objective functions for optimization presented in the form of a spectral polynomial with positivity conditions. The method enables robust low-order controller design by using plant simplification with partial-fraction decomposition, where the simplification remainder is added to the performance weight. The controller structure is assembled of well-known parts such as disturbance rejection, and reference tracking. The approach also allows the possibility of multiobjective optimization of robust criteria, application of mixed sensitivity problem, and other closed-loop limitation criteria, where the common criteria function can be composed from different unrelated criteria. Optimization and controller design are performed with iterative evolution algorithm.

Sialodacryoadenitis Virus-associated Lesions in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. W. Wojcinski ◽  
D. H. Percy
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Mycoplasma Pulmonis ◽  
Associated Lesions

Eight- to 10-week-old outbred Wistar rats were inoculated intranasally with 1029 medium mouse lethal infective doses of sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus. Sham inoculated control rats and challenged rats were killed at 1 day intervals for the first 8 days, then on days 10, 12, 14, and 20. Typical lesions associated with SDA were seen microscopically in the salivary and lacrimal glands of inoculated rats. In addition, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and multifocal alveolitis were present during the acute stages of the disease. Viral antigen was demonstrated in epithelial cells lining airways by immunofluorescence microscopy. SDA virus was recovered from the lower respiratory tract from days 2 to 6 post-inoculation (PI). Serum antibodies to SDA virus, but not to Sendai virus or Mycoplasma pulmonis were present in rats tested at day 20 PI. These findings demonstrate that during the acute stages of the disease, significant lesions do occur in the lower respiratory tract of SDA virus-infected rats.

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