Viewing the Variation of Japan’s “Shame Culture” in the Early Period after World War II from the “Rogue” Writers

Using methods including analyzing firsthand testimonies, images, and secondary sources, this paper explores the multiple factors that resulted in the silence of Chinese comfort women survivors in both wartime and the postwar period: shame culture, patrichy, and lack of political and cultural support for comfort women. Due to both patriarchy and related shame culture and a lack of political, cultural, and international support for survivors, few Chinese women spoke up about their experience within the comfort women system prior to the redress movement beginning in 1991; in the 1990s, societal and government support for comfort women increased, leading many comfort women to not only share their experiences but seek justice in the process. To begin, this paper provides an overview of essential historical context, including Japanese colonialism, the establishment of “comfort women” systems, Chinese comfort womens’ suffering, and the post-war struggles and ongoing plight of victims and survivors. Next, this paper argues that due to shame, culture and patriarchy; the lack of political, cultural, and international support for comfort women; and the mental and physical trauma that they experienced, comfort women survivors refused to speak up or seek justice for decades during and after World War II. Finally, this paper investigates key differences between the Cultural Revolution and redress movement, analyzing why comfort women spoke out during the latter period but largely remained silent during the postwar period from 1945 to 1990.

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Militia Forces against Anti-Soviet Agitation, Propaganda, and Provocative Rumors in the Altai Territory in 1941–1942

Bulletin of Kemerovo State University ◽

10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-98-106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 98-106

Author(s):

S. P. Shatilov ◽

O. A. Shatilova

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Early Period ◽

Criminal Prosecution ◽

World War ◽

Critical Situation ◽

Great Patriotic War ◽

State Of Affairs ◽

Initial Source ◽

Shed Light ◽

Real State

The research featured the implementation of state ideology and legal policy during the World War II. The present paper describes the case of the Altai Territory, where the local militia forces had to struggle against anti-Soviet propaganda and provocative rumors in 1941–1942. The study helped to identify the main reasons that led to such manifestations: the critical situation at the front during the early period of the war; lack of media information about the real state of affairs; distorted information that the disoriented evacuees shared with the local people. Archival materials helped to shed light on the basic forms and methods which the local militia used to combat the rumors. The paper focuses on the means of identification of sources of anti-Soviet propaganda, as well as the peculiarities of criminal prosecution in such cases. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), the militia used various forms and methods to identify sources of anti-Soviet propaganda and provocative rumors. The analysis showed that the militia thoroughly investigated each case, revealing the initial source of anonymous information.

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Planning the Peace and Enforcing the Surrender: Deterrence in the Allied Occupations of Germany and Japan

Journal of Interdisciplinary History ◽

10.1162/jinh.2009.40.1.33 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 33-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Melissa Willard-Foster

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

World War Ii ◽

Initial Period ◽

Early Period ◽

Humanitarian Aid ◽

The United States ◽

Military Occupation ◽

World War

Much is known about the efforts of the United States to democratize, reconstruct, and deliver humanitarian aid to Germany and Japan after their defeat in World War II. Much less is known about the willingness of the United States to use coercive tactics to deter and counter resistance to its military occupation of the two countries. Many of the scholars and politicians who consider the occupations of Germany and Japan to be models for success, largely because of their peaceful outcomes, often overlook the initial period of occupation, in which latent violence figured prominently. An understanding of this early period, however, is crucial to assessing the determinants of peace.

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Oil Industrialization in the Middle East

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.488 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Katayoun Shafiee

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Middle East ◽

World War I ◽

Large Scale ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Early Period ◽

Energy System ◽

Modern World ◽

World War ◽

Oil Corporations

The building of the global oil industry in the Middle East served as the occasion for one of the largest political projects of technical and economic development in the modern world. Scholarship has long associated an abundance of natural resources such as oil with autocracy in the Middle East while overlooking the sociotechnical ways in which oil operations were built with political consequences for the shape of the state and the international oil corporations. The early period of oil development was marked by oil abundance up to World War I, when demand for oil started to increase rapidly with the invention of the internal combustion engine. The cheapest source of production was in the Middle East. From the perspective of the largest transnational oil corporations to emerge in this period, the energy system needed to be built in a way that demand and overabundance were managed. Oil industrialization enabled the production and large-scale consumption of this new and abundant source of energy but was also connected with striking oil workers and controlling or blocking processes of industrialization in rival sectors such as the coal and the chemicals industries. In the first three decades of the 20th century, the process was made possible through the building of an international oil economy that took the form of production quotas and consortium agreements to restrict new oil discoveries in the Middle East. Oil industrialization projects intensified after World War II due to a flood of petrodollars into OPEC countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia. Rising oil revenues and sovereign control achieved through oil nationalization triggered the execution of five-year development plans of industrial and infrastructural expansion. The birth of environmental activism in the 1960s–1970s coincided with the end of oil abundance and the fear of the planet’s destruction, spurring the passage of legislation to place limits on the hydrocarbon economy in which the machinery of oil industrialization had thrived.

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Lubitsch, Shakespeare, and the Theatricality of Power

October ◽

10.1162/octo_a_00439 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 55-80

Author(s):

Gregor Moder

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Political Action ◽

Early Period ◽

The Political ◽

World War ◽

Political Situation ◽

Nazi Occupation ◽

Theatrical Performance ◽

Metaphysical Question ◽

Alternative Procedures

Abstract Ernst Lubitsch's To Be or Not to Be (1942) was filmed during World War II and takes place in the early period of the Nazi occupation of Poland, yet it focuses on the story of a theater group, on actors, and on the metaphysical question of what makes up a convincing performance. Some early critics suggested that this was not the way to tackle a dire political situation, and that the portrayal of Nazis as humans, with their own sense of humor and theater, was disrespectful to the plight of the Poles and Polish Jewry. For the film, however, the political action and the tracing of the philosophical implications of a theatrical performance are not alternative procedures, but are closely linked to one another, and in this respect Lubitsch follows Shakespeare's own staging of power. The article pursues this argument, firstly, in the analysis of the series of Shylock monologues in the film (“Hath not a Jew eyes?”), focusing on the hyper-theatricality of each repetition. Secondly, it analyzes the series of encounters between two main characters, the Nazi Colonel Ehrhardt and the Polish actor Joseph Tura, especially their last encounter. The author compares the encounter between Ehrhardt and Tura to the Mousetrap scene in Hamlet and argues that it functions as the primal scene—in the Freudian meaning of the term—of the film as such. Their encounter is comical, yet at the same time both politically and metaphysically completely serious: The film shows us two visions of Hamlet, and with that, two visions of modernity, embodied in a Nazi colonel and a Polish actor. The film seems to suggest that there is no defeating Nazism without a thorough understanding of the theatricality of power as such—a Shakespearean lesson that is vital also for our contemporary moment.

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Founders, Shakers, Prime Movers

Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_2 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 13-23

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Jeannet ◽

Thierry Volery ◽

Heiko Bergmann ◽

Cornelia Amstutz

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Interwar Period ◽

Baby Boomer ◽

Early Period ◽

World War ◽

Recent Period ◽

Baby Boomer Generation ◽

Ww Ii ◽

Prime Movers

AbstractThis chapter introduces the reader to the principal actors of these stories, namely the founders, organized along major periods, and their backgrounds. Listed are early period founders, those from the interwar period, during World War II period, the Post WW II “Baby Boomer” generation, and founders from the most recent period. Separately listed from founders are prime movers who gave the company the eventual direction, if different from the company founders. The role of women, to the extent involved, is also covered. A complete list of the firms is provided, as well as information on founder backgrounds.

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Peristiwa- Peristiwa Sejarah dan Karakteristik Masyarakat Jepang dalam Novel Asakusa Bakuto Ichidai Karya Jun’ichi Saga

HUMANIS ◽

10.24843/jh.2018.v22.i02.p40 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 288

Author(s):

Ni Wayan Sutarini Ronthi ◽

I Made Sendra ◽

Ida Ayu Laksmita Sari

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

World War I ◽

Japanese Society ◽

The Novel ◽

World War ◽

Historical Events ◽

The People ◽

Young Officer ◽

Kanto Earthquake ◽

Shame Culture

This research, entitled “Historical Events and Characteristic of Japanese Society in Asakusa Bakuto Ichidai Novel by Saga Jun’Ichi”. The aim of this research is recognizing the historical events experienced by the Japanese community during the Taishou to Shouwa period, as well as the characteristics of the Japanese society described in the novel Asakusa Bakuto Ichidai. The research used descriptive method of abstraction. The theory used is the sociology of literature according to Laurenson. Based on the result of the analysis, the historical events experienced by Japanese society in the novel Asakusa Bakuto Ichidai are Ashio riot, World War I, Kanto earthquake, the death of Taishou Emperor, War Manchuria, rebellion by young officer, Abe Sada events, and World War II. The characteristics of Japanese society reflected in the novel Asakusa Bakuto Ichidai are to have a habit of respecting time, high morale (ganbaru), the tradition of giving each other gifts (okurimono), having a tradition that keeps the belief in Buddhism, the people who respect the Emperor, shame culture. Based on the strong character of having a hard-working soul and holding fast to tradition, it is known that the Japanese people quickly rise from adversity. It is proven by the success of Japanese society through various events, one of them is the World War II. The event of World War II is the most influential event for the Japanese society in the future.

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