scholarly journals Συσχέτιση των διαταραχών ακουστικής επεξεργασίας με τη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης σε ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Νικόλαος Μοσχόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Trail Making

Υπάρχουν πολυάριθμες μελέτες για τα ελλείμματα αισθητηριακής επεξεργασίας στη σχιζοφρένεια, ιδιαίτερα ακουστικής επεξεργασίας. Η πρόσφατη ευρωπαϊκή επικρατούσα άποψη όρισε τη Διαταραχή Ακουστικής Επεξεργασίας (ΔΑΕ) ως ένα συγκεκριμένο έλλειμμα στην επεξεργασία της ακουστικής πληροφορίας στο κεντρικό νευρικό σύστημα, που περιλαμβάνει «από κάτω προς τα πάνω» και «από πάνω προς τα κάτω» νευρική συνδεσιμότητα. Οι περισσότερες μελέτες έδειξαν πως οι ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια παρουσιάζουν ακουστικά ελλείμματα. Μόνο δύο μελέτες όμως εκτίμησαν την παρουσία ΔΑΕ με ολοκληρωμένη συστοιχία ψυχοακουστικών δοκιμασιών, δείχνοντας πως η επίδοση των ασθενών στις διαφορετικές δοκιμασίες ήταν ετερογενής. Υπάρχουν επίσης δημοσιεύσεις διχωτικής ακοής, αντίληψης ομιλίας και χρονικής επεξεργασίας. Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις, οι ασθενείς είχαν χειρότερη επίδοση από αυτή των υγιών. Επίσης, σημαντικές συσχετίσεις αποκαλύφθηκαν μεταξύ κλινικών συμπτωμάτων και ακουστικής επεξεργασίας. Η σχέση των ακουστικών ελλειμμάτων με τη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης δεν έχει διερευνηθεί στο παρελθόν. Η υπόθεση ότι τα ελλείμματα ακουστικής επεξεργασίας μπορεί να σχετίζονται με τη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης στη σχιζοφρένεια στηρίζεται από νευροαπεικονιστικές μελέτες και μελέτες λειτουργικής απεικόνισης. Ακόμα, παρότι η ακουστική επεξεργασία και οι γνωστικές λειτουργίες είναι δυο σχετιζόμενα και αλληλεπικαλυπτόμενα πεδία, δεν υπάρχουν δημοσιευμένες μελέτες που να διερευνούν αυτή τη συσχέτιση. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, 50 ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια και 25 υγιείς μάρτυρες ολοκλήρωσαν μια συστοιχία τριών δοκιμασιών ακουστικής επεξεργασίας (Dichotic Digits, Speech-in-Babble και Gaps-In-Noise) και μια συστοιχία τεσσάρων νευροψυχολογικών δοκιμασιών (Verbal Fluency, Digit Span, Stroop test, Trail-Making Test). Η Κλίμακα Θετικού και Αρνητικού Συνδρόμου (PANSS) και η κλίμακα Σκέψης, Γλώσσας και Επικοινωνίας (TLC) χορηγήθηκαν για την εκτίμηση των κλινικών συμπτωμάτων. Η ομάδα των ασθενών χωρίστηκε σε δύο υποομάδες, ανάλογα με τη βαρύτητα της διαταραχής στη ροή της σκέψης. Εκτιμήθηκε η επίδοση στις ψυχοακουστικές δοκιμασίες όλων των ομάδων και υποομάδων. Διερευνήθηκε η ύπαρξη συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των ανεξάρτητων μεταβλητών (βαθμολογίες TLC, βαθμολογίες PANSS, επιδόσεις στις νευροψυχολογικές δοκιμασίες) και των εξαρτημένων μεταβλητών (επιδόσεις στις ψυχοακουστικές δοκιμασίες). Οι περισσότεροι ασθενείς, ιδίως αυτοί με διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης, είχαν ακουστικά ελλείμματα που μπορούν να ταξινομηθούν ως ΔΑΕ. Οι ασθενείς παρουσίασαν χειρότερη επίδοση από τους υγιείς και οι ασθενείς με σημαντική διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης παρουσίασαν χειρότερη επίδοση από αυτούς χωρίς σημαντική διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης, σε όλες τις δοκιμασίες. Η συνολική βαρύτητα της διαταραχής στη ροή της σκέψης και παράγοντες αυτής, άλλα κλινικά συμπτώματα και κατηγορίες συμπτωμάτων, όπως και η νευρογνωσιακή έκπτωση συσχετίστηκαν με την επίδοση στις ψυχοακουστικές δοκιμασίες. Η παρουσία της ΔΑΕ επιβεβαιώθηκε για πρώτη φορά στη σχιζοφρένεια. Η παρούσα είναι η πρώτη μελέτη ακουστικής επεξεργασίας στη σχιζοφρένεια που έδωσε έμφαση στη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης, ενώ η νευρογνωσιακή έκπτωση συσχετίστηκε ξεκάθαρα με τα ακουστικά ελλείμματα των ασθενών. Προκύπτει η ανάγκη περαιτέρω έρευνας στο πεδίο, για να αναπτυχθούν οι διαθέσιμες θεραπευτικές επιλογές για τους ασθενείς με ψύχωση. Υπάρχουν σημαντικές κλινικές προεκτάσεις για μη φαρμακευτικές παρεμβάσεις όπως η ακουστική εκπαίδευση, με σκοπό τη βελτίωση της ακουστικής επεξεργασίας, των γνωστικών λειτουργιών και της λειτουργικότητας των ασθενών με σχιζοφρένεια. Επίσης, η επίδοση στις δοκιμασίες ακουστικής επεξεργασίας θα μπορούσε να δοκιμαστεί ως προγνωστικός δείκτης της μετάβασης στην ψύχωση σε άτομα υψηλού κλινικού ρίσκου.

scholarly journals Free-Weight Resistance Exercise Is More Effective in Enhancing Inhibitory Control than Machine-Based Training: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wilke ◽  
Vanessa Stricker ◽  
Susanne Usedly
Keyword(s):  
Digit Span ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Word Condition ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Digit Span Test ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Trail Making

Resistance exercise has been demonstrated to improve brain function. However, the optimal workout characteristics are a matter of debate. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to elucidate differences between free-weight (REfree) and machine-based (REmach) training with regard to their ability to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). A total of n = 46 healthy individuals (27 ± 4 years, 26 men) performed a 45-min bout of REfree (military press, barbell squat, bench press) or REmach (shoulder press, leg press, chest press). Pre- and post-intervention, CP was examined using the Stroop test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span test. Mann–Whitney U tests did not reveal between-group differences for performance in the Digit Span test, Trail Making test and the color and word conditions of the Stroop test (p > 0.05). However, REfree was superior to REmach in the Stroop color-word condition (+6.3%, p = 0.02, R = 0.35). Additionally, REfree elicited pre-post changes in all parameters except for the Digit Span test and the word condition of the Stroop test while REmach only improved cognitive performance in part A of the Trail Making test. Using free weights seems to be the more effective RE method to acutely improve cognitive function (i.e., inhibitory control). The mechanisms of this finding merit further investigation.

scholarly journals Structural and functional changes related to memory deficit in non-demential elderly individuals

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Nísea De A. Corrêa ◽  
Maria P. Foss ◽  
Paula R. B. Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Trail Making

Objetivo: Verificar as alterações estruturais e funcionais, evidenciadas através da imagem por ressonância magnética, relacionadas aos déficits de memória identificados em idosos normais, quando comparados a adultos jovens. Metodologia: Procedeu-se à revisão sistemática, cujo protocolo obedeceu ao fluxograma do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Foram investigadas as bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, utilizando o gerenciador de referências JabRef, na versão 2.10, e o Web of Science, pelo website. Foram incluídos artigos de estudos quase experimentais, transversais, em coorte ou tipo caso-controle, publicados entre 2005 e 2014, em periódicos indexados nacionais e internacionais, cuja amostra incluísse idosos a partir de 60 anos, não dementes, submetidos à investigação de alterações estruturais e funcionais do sistema nervoso central, por ressonância magnética e sua associação com déficits de memória avaliados por testes neuropsicológicos. Resultados: Quanto à técnica de imagem empregada, identificaram-se dois estudos com imagem por ressonância magnética estrutural, seis estudos com utilização de imagem por ressonância magnética funcional, e quatro estudos que empregaram ambas as técnicas. Nos 12 estudos foi identificado o emprego de 38 testes neuropsicológicos distintos, com uma média de cinco testes por estudo, com variação de um a 12 testes. Dentre os testes mais usados, estiveram o WAIS Digit Span Backwards (em sete estudos), o Trail Making Test A and B (em quatro estudos) e o Wechsler Memory Scale (em quatro estudos). Conclusão: Os estudos demonstraram que no envelhecimento normal, ocorre redução do volume de substância branca para-hipocampal, do volume do hipocampo e do córtex entorrinal com redução de memória verbal, possivelmente por desmielinização das fibras; redução das vias que ligam o lobo temporal e frontal, contribuindo para a redução da memória episódica, da memória de trabalho e da fluência verbal; redução da supressão de informações irrelevantes, o que contribui para menor registro de informação; alterações das áreas frontal e parietal que comprometem a memória de reconhecimento; modificações na atividade e na conectividade do default mode network; reorganização das funções cognitivas, bem como alentecimento de resposta por provável redução de ativação do córtex pré- frontal

A comparison of cognitive functioning in acute schizophrenia and depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Gooren ◽  
Peter Schlattmann ◽  
Peter Neu
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Acute Schizophrenia ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Unipolar Major Depression

ObjectiveEven though cognitive deficits are well recognised in schizophrenia and depression, direct comparisons between the disorders are scarce in literature. This study aims to assess specificity and degree of cognitive deficits in inpatients with acute schizophrenia and unipolar major depression.MethodsA neuropsychological test battery was administered to 76 schizophrenic patients, 102 patients with unipolar major depression and 85 healthy controls (HCs), assessing verbal learning [Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)], processing speed (Trail Making Test), verbal fluency and visual memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised test).ResultsBoth patient groups were significantly impaired compared with HCs with regard to all test outcomes. The schizophrenia group (SG) performed significantly worse in the Wechsler Memory Scale and verbal fluency than the depression group (DG). The DG reached significantly lower scores than the SG in the RAVLT delayed recall subtest. No significant group difference between SG and DG was found for the Trail Making Test and the RAVLT direct recall trails.ConclusionOur results indicate that cognitive impairment is present in both disorders. Schizophrenic patients performed worse than patients with unipolar depression in only two of the administered tests. Differences in cognitive performance between the groups are not as general as often assumed. Therefore, during the acute phase of illness, a diagnostic classification on the grounds of the patients’ neurocognitive performance has to be done with caution.

Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moritz ◽  
B. Andresen ◽  
D. Jacobsen ◽  
K. Mersmann ◽  
U. Wilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Atypical Neuroleptics ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Neurocognitive Tasks ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Typical Neuroleptics

SummaryThere is widespread evidence that schizophrenic symptomatology is best represented by three syndromes (positive, negative, disorganized). Both the disorganized and negative syndrome have been found to correlate with several neurocognitive dysfunctions. However, previous studies investigated samples predominantly treated with typical neuroleptics, which frequently induce parkinsonian symptoms that are hard to disentangle from primary negative symptoms and may have inflated correlations with neurocognition. A newly developed psychopathological instrument called the Positive and Negative and Disorganized Symptoms Scale (PANADSS) was evaluated in 60 schizophrenic patients. Forty-seven participants treated with atypical neuroleptics performed several neurocognitive tasks.A three-factor solution of schizophrenic symptomatology emerged. Negative symptomatology was associated with diminished creative verbal fluency and digit span backward, whereas disorganization was significantly correlated with impaired Stroop, WCST and Trail-Making Test B performance.Data suggest that disorganization is associated with tasks that demand executive functioning. Previous findings reporting correlations between negative symptomatology and neurocognition may have been confounded by the adverse consequences of typical neuroleptics.

A-11 Investigating Gene–Gene Interactions by Cognitive Domain in Healthy Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051-1051
Author(s):  
Kendra L Pizzonia ◽  
Andrew M Bryant ◽  
Leatha A Clark ◽  
Brian C Clark ◽  
Julie A Suhr
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Objective ApoE is a well-known gene carrying risk for Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with memory performance while the COMT gene is associated with executive functioning but is understudied. The present study investigated these gene interactions across cognitive domains. Method A larger study on gait and aging recruited 89 healthy community-dwelling adults over the age of 60. The primary analyses included 82 participants (67% female, mean age = 74.61, SD = 6.71). The analyses on executive functioning included 72 participants (65% female, mean age = 73.02, SD = 4.99) who completed all measures of interest. ApoE status was defined as presence/absence of Ɛ4. The rs4680 gene on the COMT allele was classified into Val/Met, Val/Val, and Met/Met genotypes. Biological sex was included as a binary term (i.e., male/female). Index variables and age corrected standard scores on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, verbal fluency, and Trail Making Test were included. Results Gene–gene interactions were found for overall cognitive functioning, immediate memory, and semantic fluency. There were main effects of sex for overall cognitive functioning, immediate memory, delayed memory, and semantic fluency. There were main effects for COMT for delayed memory and a main effect for both COMT and ApoE for visuospatial functioning, coding, and verbal fluency (all p’s < 0.05). There were no ApoE x COMT x Sex interactions and Trail Making Test B was not related to either gene or sex. Conclusion(s) Our findings suggest that both COMT and ApoE (and their interaction) influence cognition. Future research should investigate gene–gene interactions in larger samples with more comprehensive cognitive batteries.

scholarly journals Alteração na atenção e o tratamento da dor do câncer

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geana Paula Kurita ◽  
Cibele Andrucioli de Mattos Pimenta ◽  
José Oswaldo de Oliveira Júnior ◽  
Ricardo Caponeiro
Keyword(s):  
Digit Span ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Digit Span Test ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Trail Making

Os danos à vida diária que a alteração cognitiva pode provocar motivaram a elaboração deste estudo, cujo objetivo foi analisar o impacto do tratamento da dor com opióides sobre a atenção. Os doentes foram divididos em grupos que recebiam (n=14) e não recebiam opióides (n=12). Foram feitas três entrevistas, utilizando-se o Trail Making Test e o Digit Span Test, que avaliam a atenção. Os grupos foram homogêneos nas variáveis sociodemográficas, dor e depressão; não foram homogêneos no índice de Karnofsky e no recebimento de analgésicos adjuvantes. Os doentes sem opióides tiveram melhor desempenho no Digit Span Test - ordem inversa, na segunda avaliação (p=0,29) e não foram observadas diferenças no Trail Making Test. As alterações observadas foram limitadas, mas, enquanto novos estudos não confirmem os achados, doentes, profissionais e cuidadores devem ser alertados dos possíveis efeitos deletérios dos opióides sobre a função cognitiva.

scholarly journals Applicability of the Test of Variables of Attention – T.O.V.A in Brazilian adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia M. Memória ◽  
Henrique C.S. Muela ◽  
Natália C. Moraes ◽  
Valéria A. Costa-Hong ◽  
Michel F. Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
State Examination

ABSTRACT The functioning of attention is complex, a primordial function in several cognitive processes and of great interest to neuropsychology. The Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A) is a continuous computerized performance test that evaluates some attention components such as response time to a stimulus and errors due to inattention and impulsivity. Objective: 1) To evaluate the applicability of T.O.V.A in Brazilian adults; 2) To analyze the differences in performance between genders, age ranges, and levels of education; 3) To examine the association between T.O.V.A variables and other attention and cognitive screening tests. Methods: The T.O.V.A was applied to 63 healthy adults (24 to 78 years of age) who also underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Span and Digit Symbol (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – WAIS-III) and the Trail Making Test. Results: the T.O.V.A was little influenced by age or education, but was influenced by gender. The correlations between some T.O.V.A variables and the Digit Symbol and Trail Making test were weak (r-values between 0.2 and 0.4), but significant (p<0.05). There was no correlation with the Digit Span test. Conclusion: The T.O.V.A showed good applicability and proved adequate for evaluating attentional processes in adults.

scholarly journals Questioning the Effort Hypothesis That Depressed Patients Perform Disproportionately Worse on Effortful Cognitive Tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Dustin B. Hammers ◽  
Sara Weisenbach
Keyword(s):  
Digit Span ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Moderate Depression ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluations ◽  
Accuracy Indices ◽  
Effort Hypothesis

The debate over Hasher and Zacks’ effort hypothesis—that performance on effortful tasks by patients with depression will be disproportionately worse than their performance on automatic tasks—shows a need for additional research to settle whether or not this notion is “clinical lore.” In this study, we categorized 285 outpatient recipients of neuropsychological evaluations into three groups—No Depression, Mild-to-Moderate Depression, and Severe Depression—based on their Beck Depression Inventory-2 self-reports. We then compared these groups’ performances on both “automatic” and “effortful” versions of the Ruff 2 & 7 Selective Attention Test Total Speed and Total Accuracy Indices, the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intellectual Scale—Fourth Edition, and Trail Making Test Parts A and B, using a two-way (3 × 2) mixed multivariate analysis of variance. Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Depression or Severe Depression performed disproportionately worse than patients with No Depression in our sample on more effortful versions of only one of the four attention or executive functioning measures (Trail Making Test). Thus, these data failed to fully support a hypothesis of disproportionately worse performance on more effortful tasks. While this study failed to negate the effort hypothesis in some specific instances, particularly for use in the Trail Making Test, there is cause for caution in routinely applying the effort hypothesis when interpreting test findings in most clinical settings and for most measures.

Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-Based Norms for the Icelandic Population

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
BB Magnusdottir ◽  
HM Haraldsson ◽  
E Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Icelandic Population ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Final Equation

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to construct regression-based norms for 3 executive-function tests: the Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency. Method A sample of 1,034 healthy Icelandic adults (18–64 years) was used to calculate predicted scores for test measures from all 3 tests, controlled for the effects of age, gender, and education, as well as the interaction between these variables. Results The 3 demographic variables showed significant effects on most test measures and were included in the final equation for estimating predicted scores. An older age and less education predicted worse cognitive performances in most cases, and women tended to outperform men. Conclusion These results highlight the importance of adjusting for age, gender, and educational level when constructing normative data. Controlling for age alone may be insufficient or misleading in clinical-practice settings. A simple, user-friendly program for predicting executive-function test scores is provided.

The activation of prefrontal cortex in Trail Making Test and Verbal Fluency Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (0) ◽  
pp. 2AM057-2AM057
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro YASUNAGA ◽  
Toru YOSHIKAWA ◽  
Hiroyuki ITO ◽  
Hoshiko YAMAUCHI ◽  
Masayoshi OGURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Verbal Fluency Task ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Fluency Task
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document