A comparison of cognitive functioning in acute schizophrenia and depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Gooren ◽  
Peter Schlattmann ◽  
Peter Neu
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Acute Schizophrenia ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Unipolar Major Depression

ObjectiveEven though cognitive deficits are well recognised in schizophrenia and depression, direct comparisons between the disorders are scarce in literature. This study aims to assess specificity and degree of cognitive deficits in inpatients with acute schizophrenia and unipolar major depression.MethodsA neuropsychological test battery was administered to 76 schizophrenic patients, 102 patients with unipolar major depression and 85 healthy controls (HCs), assessing verbal learning [Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)], processing speed (Trail Making Test), verbal fluency and visual memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised test).ResultsBoth patient groups were significantly impaired compared with HCs with regard to all test outcomes. The schizophrenia group (SG) performed significantly worse in the Wechsler Memory Scale and verbal fluency than the depression group (DG). The DG reached significantly lower scores than the SG in the RAVLT delayed recall subtest. No significant group difference between SG and DG was found for the Trail Making Test and the RAVLT direct recall trails.ConclusionOur results indicate that cognitive impairment is present in both disorders. Schizophrenic patients performed worse than patients with unipolar depression in only two of the administered tests. Differences in cognitive performance between the groups are not as general as often assumed. Therefore, during the acute phase of illness, a diagnostic classification on the grounds of the patients’ neurocognitive performance has to be done with caution.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive deficits in clinical polymorphism of schizophrenia: typology, expression and syndromal overlaps

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Kornetov ◽  
E. G. Kornetova ◽  
A. V. Golenkova ◽  
S. M. Kozlova ◽  
M. B. Arzhanik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Benton Visual Retention Test ◽  
Interference Test ◽  
Trail Making

Objective. The authors tried to identify the typology, severity and overlap of neurocognitive deficits with positive/negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Materials and methods. Fifty patients aged 22–55 years (25 women (50%) and 25 men (50%)) with schizophrenia diagnosed according to ICD-10 were examined. The average age was 38.0 ± 4.8 years, the average age of onset was 23 ± 3.2 years, the average disease duration was 15 ± 3.7 years. The patients were examined using battery tests to quantify their cognitive functions: Trail Making Test A&B; Stroop Color Word Interference Test; Verbal Fluency; Benton Visual Retention Test; 10 words learning; WAIS Digit Symbol Test; and WAIS Trail Making Test. The evaluation of cognitive deficits was carried out using z-scales. Association of neurocognitive deficits with other schizophrenia symptoms was also estimated using PANSS. The control group that was formed on the basis of the cognitive sphere parameters included 50 healthy volunteers. Statistical processing was carried out using the Mann–Whitney U test, k-means clustering, and the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Results. The patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals had significant differences in the second part of the Stroop Color Word Interference Test, both parts of the Verbal Fluency, average score of Benton Visual Retention Test, 10 words learning basedon 5 reiterations, WAIS Digit Symbol Test and WAIS Trail Making Test with p < 0.05; in the Trail Making Test B with p < 0.01. The cognitive sampling profile was determined and compared with the PANSS scores. The significant predominance (p < 0.05) of the symptoms across all scales was found with impaired attention, visual memory, performance function, and/or orientation/coordination, as opposed to the other manifestations of cognitive deficits. Conclusion. Neurocognitive deficits form syndromal overlaps with positive and negative schizophrenia syndromes, and the presence of attention, visual memory, performance and orientation / coordination disturbances is associated with the severity of schizophrenia in general.

Die Standardabweichung der Reaktionszeiten als ein Maß für negative Antwortverzerrungen

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bodenburg
Keyword(s):  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Word Memory ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Negative Antwortverzerrungen

Negative Antwortverzerrungen werden quantitativ mit expliziten Beschwerdenvalidierungstests oder mit eingebetteten Parametern untersucht. Es wird die Kriteriumsvalidität der Standardabweichung von Reaktionszeiten als eingebetteter Parameter zur Untersuchung negativer Antwortverzerrungen überprüft. In die Studie wurden 26 Frauen und 65 Männer mit Schädelhirnverletzungen einbezogen. Abhängige Variable war die Standardabweichung der Reaktionszeiten (Untertest Alertness, Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung). Prädiktorvariablen in der multivariaten Kovarianzanalyse waren das Alter der Probanden und folgende Testrohwerte: Trail Making Test (Formen A und B), Parameter GSI der Symptomcheckliste, Untertest Zahlennachsprechen vorwärts aus der Wechsler Memory Scale, Strukturierter Fragebogen Simulierter Symptome, der mittlere Wert der in Prozentzahlen ausgedrückten richtigen Antworten der Parameter IR, DR und CNS des Word Memory Tests (WMT), das Geschlecht der Probanden sowie die dichotomisierte Gruppierung von Patienten mit oder ohne klinisch fassbaren Auffälligkeiten der Aufmerksamkeit. Von den Prädiktorvariablen stellte sich allein der mittlere Wert der in Prozent ausgedrückten richtigen Antworten des WMT als signifikant heraus. Probanden mit einer geringen Anzahl richtiger Antworten im WMT zeigten größere Standardabweichungen. Alle weiteren einbezogenen Prädiktoren – insbesondere beide Aufmerksamkeitsparameter – hatten in Bezug auf die Standardabweichungen keinen signifikanten Einfluss.

scholarly journals Structural and functional changes related to memory deficit in non-demential elderly individuals

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Nísea De A. Corrêa ◽  
Maria P. Foss ◽  
Paula R. B. Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Trail Making

Objetivo: Verificar as alterações estruturais e funcionais, evidenciadas através da imagem por ressonância magnética, relacionadas aos déficits de memória identificados em idosos normais, quando comparados a adultos jovens. Metodologia: Procedeu-se à revisão sistemática, cujo protocolo obedeceu ao fluxograma do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Foram investigadas as bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, utilizando o gerenciador de referências JabRef, na versão 2.10, e o Web of Science, pelo website. Foram incluídos artigos de estudos quase experimentais, transversais, em coorte ou tipo caso-controle, publicados entre 2005 e 2014, em periódicos indexados nacionais e internacionais, cuja amostra incluísse idosos a partir de 60 anos, não dementes, submetidos à investigação de alterações estruturais e funcionais do sistema nervoso central, por ressonância magnética e sua associação com déficits de memória avaliados por testes neuropsicológicos. Resultados: Quanto à técnica de imagem empregada, identificaram-se dois estudos com imagem por ressonância magnética estrutural, seis estudos com utilização de imagem por ressonância magnética funcional, e quatro estudos que empregaram ambas as técnicas. Nos 12 estudos foi identificado o emprego de 38 testes neuropsicológicos distintos, com uma média de cinco testes por estudo, com variação de um a 12 testes. Dentre os testes mais usados, estiveram o WAIS Digit Span Backwards (em sete estudos), o Trail Making Test A and B (em quatro estudos) e o Wechsler Memory Scale (em quatro estudos). Conclusão: Os estudos demonstraram que no envelhecimento normal, ocorre redução do volume de substância branca para-hipocampal, do volume do hipocampo e do córtex entorrinal com redução de memória verbal, possivelmente por desmielinização das fibras; redução das vias que ligam o lobo temporal e frontal, contribuindo para a redução da memória episódica, da memória de trabalho e da fluência verbal; redução da supressão de informações irrelevantes, o que contribui para menor registro de informação; alterações das áreas frontal e parietal que comprometem a memória de reconhecimento; modificações na atividade e na conectividade do default mode network; reorganização das funções cognitivas, bem como alentecimento de resposta por provável redução de ativação do córtex pré- frontal

Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moritz ◽  
B. Andresen ◽  
D. Jacobsen ◽  
K. Mersmann ◽  
U. Wilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Atypical Neuroleptics ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Neurocognitive Tasks ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Typical Neuroleptics

SummaryThere is widespread evidence that schizophrenic symptomatology is best represented by three syndromes (positive, negative, disorganized). Both the disorganized and negative syndrome have been found to correlate with several neurocognitive dysfunctions. However, previous studies investigated samples predominantly treated with typical neuroleptics, which frequently induce parkinsonian symptoms that are hard to disentangle from primary negative symptoms and may have inflated correlations with neurocognition. A newly developed psychopathological instrument called the Positive and Negative and Disorganized Symptoms Scale (PANADSS) was evaluated in 60 schizophrenic patients. Forty-seven participants treated with atypical neuroleptics performed several neurocognitive tasks.A three-factor solution of schizophrenic symptomatology emerged. Negative symptomatology was associated with diminished creative verbal fluency and digit span backward, whereas disorganization was significantly correlated with impaired Stroop, WCST and Trail-Making Test B performance.Data suggest that disorganization is associated with tasks that demand executive functioning. Previous findings reporting correlations between negative symptomatology and neurocognition may have been confounded by the adverse consequences of typical neuroleptics.

Are schizophrenics neuropsychologically impaired affected psychotics? Neuropsychological performance and personality traits in relatives

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
R.M. Murray ◽  
CM. Gilvarry ◽  
A. Russell ◽  
D. Hemsley
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Neuropsychological Deficits ◽  
Verbal Fluency Test ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
Fluency Test

Neuropsychological deficits are found in both schizophrenic patients and their relatives, and some studies have shown similar, but less severe, deficits in affective psychotic patients and their relatives. We set out to establish – whether schizophrenia spectrum personality traits are more common in the relatives of schizophrenic patients than relatives of affective psychotic patients; – what is the relationship between spectrum personality traits and neuropsychological deficits in these relatives.Relatives were interviewed using the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), and also completed the National Adult Reading Test (NART), the Trail Making Test (TMT: Parts A and B) and Thurstone's Verbal Fluency Test (TVFT). Spectrum personality traits were equally common in the 129 relatives of schizophrenic and 106 relatives of affective psychotic patients. Relatives of psychotic patients who themselves had high paranoid traits had lower NART scores than those without such personality traits (p=0.007);similarly, those with high schizoid personality traits took longer to complete the TMT, part B than those without such traits (p=0.0l); and relatives with high schizotypal traits generated significantly fewer words on the verbal fluency test than those without such traits (p=0.04).

A-11 Investigating Gene–Gene Interactions by Cognitive Domain in Healthy Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051-1051
Author(s):  
Kendra L Pizzonia ◽  
Andrew M Bryant ◽  
Leatha A Clark ◽  
Brian C Clark ◽  
Julie A Suhr
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Objective ApoE is a well-known gene carrying risk for Alzheimer’s disease and is associated with memory performance while the COMT gene is associated with executive functioning but is understudied. The present study investigated these gene interactions across cognitive domains. Method A larger study on gait and aging recruited 89 healthy community-dwelling adults over the age of 60. The primary analyses included 82 participants (67% female, mean age = 74.61, SD = 6.71). The analyses on executive functioning included 72 participants (65% female, mean age = 73.02, SD = 4.99) who completed all measures of interest. ApoE status was defined as presence/absence of Ɛ4. The rs4680 gene on the COMT allele was classified into Val/Met, Val/Val, and Met/Met genotypes. Biological sex was included as a binary term (i.e., male/female). Index variables and age corrected standard scores on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, verbal fluency, and Trail Making Test were included. Results Gene–gene interactions were found for overall cognitive functioning, immediate memory, and semantic fluency. There were main effects of sex for overall cognitive functioning, immediate memory, delayed memory, and semantic fluency. There were main effects for COMT for delayed memory and a main effect for both COMT and ApoE for visuospatial functioning, coding, and verbal fluency (all p’s &lt; 0.05). There were no ApoE x COMT x Sex interactions and Trail Making Test B was not related to either gene or sex. Conclusion(s) Our findings suggest that both COMT and ApoE (and their interaction) influence cognition. Future research should investigate gene–gene interactions in larger samples with more comprehensive cognitive batteries.

scholarly journals A-166 The Role of Apathy on Executive Functioning After Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 960-960
Author(s):  
Lopez A ◽  
Lopez Palacios D ◽  
Quintana A ◽  
Gibson D ◽  
Arguelles-Borge S
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Test Part ◽  
Trail Making

Abstract Objective This study examined the role of apathy on performance of an executive functioning task. Method The data for this study was derived from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set containing neuropsychological information for stroke patients (n = 317) who completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) and the Trail Making Test (Part B). The sample was divided into two groups. One which endorsed feelings of apathy in the last month (n = 102; mean age = 84,SD = 8.33) and a second group which denied feelings of apathy within the last month (n = 215; mean age = 86, SD = 8.02). Results After controlling for depression [as measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)], age, gender, and motor impairment, the results of an ANCOVA showed that those who reported apathy performed significantly slower on the Trail Making Test—Part B than those who did not report it [F(1,312 = 6.01, p = .02]. Conclusions It has previously been found that cognitive performance can be impacted by depression on stroke patients. However, recently, it has been identified that apathy specifically, can have an effect on cognitive domains such as verbal learning, short-term, and long-term memory. The present study further supports that apathy may play a role in overall cognitive performance. Therefore, even if patients do not meet criteria for depression, the presence of apathy should still be taken into account. Future research should examine other possible contributing factors such as processing speed should be taken into account as they could be affecting the scores. Finally, researchers should utilize additional measures of executive functioning as only one was available for this study.

Performance of Older Japanese American Adults on Selected Cognitive Instruments

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 773-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuko Kemmotsu ◽  
Yurika Enobi ◽  
Claire Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Fluency Test

AbstractThis study examined cognitive test performance of second- and third-generation Japanese American (JA) adults, a relatively homogeneous Asian American subgroup. Sixty-five JA and 65 non-Hispanic White (NHW) adults, ages between 45 and 91, were administered the Boston Naming Test-2 (BNT), Letter Fluency Test, Semantic Fluency Test, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), and Trail Making Test. Levels of acculturation, quality of educational attainment, and generation status in the United States, were also collected. There were no significant differences in the scores between the two groups on the tests administered. JA and NHW groups, however, differed in the patterns of the associations between some of the test performance and demographic variables. JA adults showed a stronger age-score relationship on BNT, CVLT, and the BVMT-R. Furthermore, second-generation JA adults performed lower than the third-generation adults even after controlling for basic demographic variables on CVLT and Trail Making Test. Acculturation on the other hand did not explain score differences once demographic variables were considered. Our results suggest the importance of considering unique history and characteristics of ethnic groups, and interactions of the aging process and culture on tasks with different cognitive demands. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)

Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-Based Norms for the Icelandic Population

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
BB Magnusdottir ◽  
HM Haraldsson ◽  
E Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Icelandic Population ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Final Equation

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to construct regression-based norms for 3 executive-function tests: the Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency. Method A sample of 1,034 healthy Icelandic adults (18–64 years) was used to calculate predicted scores for test measures from all 3 tests, controlled for the effects of age, gender, and education, as well as the interaction between these variables. Results The 3 demographic variables showed significant effects on most test measures and were included in the final equation for estimating predicted scores. An older age and less education predicted worse cognitive performances in most cases, and women tended to outperform men. Conclusion These results highlight the importance of adjusting for age, gender, and educational level when constructing normative data. Controlling for age alone may be insufficient or misleading in clinical-practice settings. A simple, user-friendly program for predicting executive-function test scores is provided.

scholarly journals Neurocognition and social cognition in remitted first-episode schizophrenia: correlation with VEGF serum levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqin Zhao ◽  
Wenhuan Xiao ◽  
Kuanyu Chen ◽  
Qiongqiong Zhan ◽  
Fei Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Learning Test ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Abstract Background Accumulating evidence suggests that serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in many neurobiological processes potentially contributes to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, particularly cognitive decline. The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in neurocognition, social cognition and VEGF among remitted first-episode schizophrenic patients, non-remitters and normal control subjects. Moreover, we investigated the association between serum VEGF levels and cognitive functions. Method 65 remission (RS) and 45 nonremission patients (NRS) after first-episode schizophrenia, as well as 58 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Social cognition was assessed using the Chinese Facial Emotion Test (CFET); neurocognition was measured with a test battery consisting of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Verbal Fluency Test, Trail Making Tests, Digit Span Tests (DST) and Stroop Tests. Blood samples were collected for VEGF measurements. Data was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Results On nearly all neurocognitive tests (except for DST), RS performed significantly worse than HC but better than NRS (P < 0.05). NRS, but not RS, exhibited markedly poorer social cognition than HC (except for Happiness and Surprise subscales of the CFET) (P < 0.05). VEGF levels showed a gradient change among three groups (HC > RS > NRS). Conclusion Compared to HC, RS demonstrated poorer neurocognitive but intact social cognition functioning. These results indicate that VEGF levels decreased gradually with the severity of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. VEGF may be involved in the pathological mechanism of cognitive performance in RS.

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