scholarly journals Building an Instrument by Generating a Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Aytemiz
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Longitudinal Wave ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Sound Waves

Building a musical instrument requires precise calculations of the positions of its holes to obtain desired notes. To make these calculations, sound waves should be examined. Sound is a longitudinal wave and has five distinguishing aspects: amplitude, frequency, wavelength, period, and speed. A note is characterized by the frequency of the wave. In this experiment, the frequencies of notes and the speed of sound in air is used to calculate the length of a closed-end tube needed to obtain that frequency. Then, these values of lengths are used to create sound and the frequencies are measured with a tuner. The water level is changed until the desired frequency is reached. Then, a graph of length and 1/frequency is drawn to experimentally determine the slope, from which a function of length of tube is written in terms of frequency. With this equation, length required for any note can be calculated. 

Theory of the rocket-grenade method of measuring temperature, pressure, density and wind velocity in the upper atmosphere

1966 ◽  
Vol 290 (1420) ◽  
pp. 44-73 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Sound Waves

A theory is presented for deriving the speed of sound and wind velocity as a function of height in the upper atmosphere from observations on the travel times of sound waves from accurately located grenades, released during rocket flight, to microphones at surveyed positions on the ground. The theory is taken to a second order of approximation, which can be utilized in practice if lower atmosphere (balloon) measurements are available. By means of the gas law and the vertical equation of motion of the atmosphere, formulae are obtained for deriving temperature, pressure and density from the speed-of-sound profile, and these also may be evaluated to a higher accuracy if lower atmosphere measurements are available. An outline is given of the computational procedure followed in the processing of data on the basis of this theory by means of the Pegasus computer. Methods of calculating the correction to travel times due to the finite wave amplitude are discussed and compared, and the effect of neglecting this correction in a particular set of experimental data is examined. Other errors which may affect the determination of pressure are also discussed. Consistency between the theory and experimental data obtained in 13 Skylark rocket flights at Woomera is checked in two ways: by examining least squares residuals associated with the sound arrivals at various microphones; and by treating the vertical component of air motion as unknown and examining its distribution about zero. The reduction in the least squares residuals which occurs when account is taken of second order terms is evaluated on the basis of these sets of experimental data.

scholarly journals SOUND WAVES IN STRONGLY COUPLED NON-CONFORMAL GAUGE THEORY PLASMA

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (27) ◽  
pp. 6298-6306 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAOLO BENINCASA
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Bulk Viscosity ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Conformal Theory ◽  
High Temperature Limit ◽  
Conformal Gauge

Gauge/string correspondence provides an efficient method to investigate gauge theories. In this talk we discuss the results of the paper (to appear) by P. Benincasa, A. Buchel and A. O. Starinets, where the propagation of sound waves is studied in a strongly coupled non-conformal gauge theory plasma. In particular, a prediction for the speed of sound as well as for the bulk viscosity is made for the [Formula: see text] gauge theory in the high temperature limit. As expected, the results achieved show a deviation from the speed of sound and the bulk viscosity for a conformal theory. It is pointed out that such results depend on the particular gauge theory considered.

scholarly journals Determination of the propagation speed of sound waves in propane and LP gas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niurka Chaveli Castro Chavelas ◽  
Elizabeth Hernandez-Marin ◽  
Gustavo Contreras-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Sound Waves

The Relentless Pursuit of Tone

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pop Music ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History

The Relentless Pursuit of Tone: Timbre in Popular Music assembles a wide spectrum of contemporary perspectives on how sound functions in an equally wide array of popular music. With subjects ranging from the twang of country banjos and the sheen of hip-hop strings to the crunch of amplified guitars and the thump of subwoofers on the dance floor, this volume attempts to bridge the gap between timbre, the purely acoustic characteristics of sound waves, and tone, an emergent musical construct that straddles the borderline between the perceptual and the political. The book’s chapters engage with the entire history of popular music as recorded sound, from the 1930s to the present day, under four large categories. The chapters in Part I, “Genre,” ask how sonic signatures define musical identities and publics; Part II, “Voice,” considers the most naturalized musical instrument, the human voice, as racial and gendered signifier, as property or likeness, and as raw material for algorithmic perfection through software; Part III, “Instrument,” tells stories of the way some iconic pop music machines—guitars, strings, synthesizers—got (or lost) their distinctive sounds; and Part IV, “Production,” puts it all together, asking structural questions about what happens in a recording studio, what is produced (sonic cartoons, rockist authenticity, empty space?), and what it all might mean. The book includes a general theoretical introduction by the editors and an afterword by noted popular music scholar Simon Frith.

scholarly journals Strong Thermal Stratification Reduces Detection Efficiency and Range of Acoustic Telemetry in a Large Freshwater Lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulong Kuai ◽  
Natalie Klinard ◽  
Aaron Fisk ◽  
Timothy Johnson ◽  
Edmund Halfyard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Sound Speed ◽  
Acoustic Telemetry ◽  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Detection Range

Abstract BackgroundThe successful use of acoustic telemetry to detect fish hinges on understanding the factors that control the acoustic range. The speed-of-sound in water is primarily a function of density, and in freshwater lakes density is primarily driven by temperature. The seasonal thermal stratification in the Great Lakes represent the strongest sound speed gradients in any aquatic system. Such speed-of-sound gradients can refract sound waves leading to greater divergence of acoustic signal, and hence more rapid attenuation. The changes in sound attenuation change the detection range of a telemetry array and hence influence the ability to monitor fish. We use three months of data from a sentinel array of V9 and V16 Vemco acoustic fish tags, and a record of temperature profiles to determine how changes in stratification influence acoustic range in eastern Lake Ontario. ResultWe interpret data from an acoustic telemetry array in Lake Ontario to show that changes in acoustic detection efficiency and range correlate strongly with changes in sound speed gradients due to thermal stratification. The strongest sound speed gradients of 10.38 ms-1/m crossing the thermocline occurred in late summer, which caused the sound speed difference between the top and bottom of the water column to be greater than 60 m/s. V9 tags transmitting across the thermocline could have their acoustic range reduced from >650 m to 350 m, while the more powerful V16 tags had their range reduced from >650 m to 450 m. In contrast we found that when the acoustic source and receiver were both transmitting below thermocline there was no change in range, even as the strength of sound speed gradient varied. ConclusionChanges in thermal stratification occur routinely in the Great Lakes, on timescales between months and days. The acoustic range can be reduced by as much as 50% compared to unstratified conditions when fish move across the thermocline. We recommend that researchers consider the influences of thermal stratification to acoustic telemetry when configuring receiver position.

scholarly journals Thermomechanical and Photophysical Properties of Crystal-Violet-Dye/H2O Based Dissolutions via the Pulsed Laser Photoacoustic Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vicente Torres-Zúñiga ◽  
Rosalba Castañeda-Guzmán ◽  
Santiago J. Pérez-Ruiz ◽  
Omar G. Morales-Saavedra
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Photoacoustic Technique ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Acoustic Attenuation

Different thermoelastic parameters, for example, the acoustic attenuation and the speed of sound, are fundamental for instrumental calibration and quantitative characterization of organic-based dissolutions. In this work, these parameters as functions of the concentration of an organic dye (crystal-violet: CV) in distillated water (H2O) based dissolutions are investigated. The speed of sound was measured by the pulsed-laser photoacoustic technique (PLPA), which consists in the generation of acoustic-waves by the optical absorption of pulsed light in a given material (in this case a liquid sample). The thermally generated sound-waves traveling through a fluid are detected with two piezoelectric sensors separated by a known distance. An appropriate processing of the photoacoustic signals allows an adequate data analysis of the generated waves within the system, providing an accurate determination of the speed of sound as function of the dye-concentration. The acoustic attenuation was calculated based on the distance of the two PZT-microphones to an acoustic-source point and performing linear-fitting of the experimental data (RMS-amplitudes) as function of the dye-concentration. An important advantage of the PLPA-method is that it can be implemented with poor or null optical transmitting materials permitting the characterization of the mechanical and concentration/aggregate properties of dissolved organic compounds.

Estimation of the speed of sound waves using a modular 3D printed Helmholtz resonator

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 055039
Author(s):  
Jorge Francés ◽  
Víctor Navarro-Fuster ◽  
Stephan Marini ◽  
Sergio Bleda ◽  
Eva María Calzado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Helmholtz Resonator ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
3D Printed

scholarly journals Automatic Liquid Control System for Overhead Storage Tank in Households

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2061-2063
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Control System ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Water Leakage ◽  
Near Future

The scarcity of drinking water in near future attracts the attention of the researcher how to control the use of water as per the need. Now this is a major global problem rising in front of all to avoid the crisis of fresh water. Hence, it is not only extremely crucial to preserve and save water but also to reduce the unnecessary use of water. Especially, in many houses in India, there is unnecessary wastage of water due to unnoticed water leakage from faucets and overflow in overhead storage tanks. This is where automatic liquid control system comes into picture. The operation of liquid control system is based upon the fact that liquid primarily water acts as a hindrance for sound waves emitting from the ultrasonic sensor. Rise and fall of water level results in triggering on and off switch which further enables or disables the motor pump as per the requirement. This paper has achieved its primary objective i.e. noncontact liquid monitoring system employing Arduino Uno

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document