scholarly journals Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Kripke
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Automobile Crashes ◽  
Sleeping Pills ◽  
Hypnotic Drug ◽  
New Information

This is a review of hypnotic drug risks and benefits, reassessing and updating advice presented to the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (United States FDA). Almost every month, new information appears about the risks of hypnotics (sleeping pills). This review includes new information on the growing USA overdose epidemic, eight new epidemiologic studies of hypnotics’ mortality not available for previous compilations, and new emphasis on risks of short-term hypnotic prescription. The most important risks of hypnotics include excess mortality, especially overdose deaths, quiet deaths at night, infections, cancer, depression and suicide, automobile crashes, falls, and other accidents, and hypnotic-withdrawal insomnia. The short-term use of one-two prescriptions is associated with greater risk per dose than long-term use. Hypnotics are usually prescribed without approved indication, most often with specific contraindications, but even when indicated, there is little or no benefit. The recommended doses objectively increase sleep little if at all, daytime performance is often made worse, not better, and the lack of general health benefits is commonly misrepresented in advertising. Treatments such as the cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia and bright light treatment of circadian rhythm disorders might offer safer and more effective alternative approaches to insomnia.

scholarly journals Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Kripke
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Automobile Crashes ◽  
Sleeping Pills ◽  
Hypnotic Drug ◽  
New Information ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Overdose Deaths

This is a review of hypnotic drug risks and benefits, reassessing and updating advice presented to the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (United States FDA). Almost every month, new information appears about the risks of hypnotics (sleeping pills). The most important risks of hypnotics include excess mortality, especially overdose deaths, quiet deaths at night, infections, cancer, depression and suicide, automobile crashes, falls, and other accidents, and hypnotic-withdrawal insomnia. Short-term use of one-two prescriptions is associated with greater risk per dose than long-term use. Hypnotics have usually been prescribed without approved indication, most often with specific contraindications, but even when indicated, there is little or no benefit. The recommended doses objectively increase sleep little if at all, daytime performance is often made worse, not better, and the lack of general health benefits is commonly misrepresented in advertising. Treatments such as the cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia and bright light treatment of circadian rhythm disorders offer safer and more effective alternative approaches to insomnia.

scholarly journals Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Kripke
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Automobile Crashes ◽  
Sleeping Pills ◽  
Hypnotic Drug ◽  
New Information ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Overdose Deaths

This is a review of hypnotic drug risks and benefits. Almost every month, new information appears about the risks of hypnotics (sleeping pills). The most important risks of hypnotics include excess mortality (especially overdose deaths, quiet deaths at night, and suicides), infections, cancer, depression, automobile crashes, falls, other accidents, and hypnotic-withdrawal insomnia. Short-term use of one-two prescriptions is associated with even greater risk per dose than long-term use. Hypnotics have usually been prescribed without approved indication, most often with specific contraindications, but even when indicated, there is little or no benefit. The recommended doses objectively increase sleep little if at all, daytime performance is often made worse (not better) and the lack of general health benefits is commonly misrepresented in advertising. Treatments such as the cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia and bright light treatment of circadian rhythm disorders offer safer and more effective alternative approaches to insomnia.

ROLE AND USAGE OF ICT IN SCHOOL EDUCATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
School Education ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
New Information ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
Term Storage

When we are working on a computer, the information goes into short term memory. Unless we deliberately save the data onto long term storage, it is lost very quickly. The method we use to save new information that is presented to us determines that we most likely will retrieve it in the future. Similarly the concepts that are explained to the students have to be sent to their long term memory, i.e the abstract has to be made into the concrete form. This is possible by using ICT in classroom situation for making a merry in understanding the concepts if the school education and life. The usage of ICT will not only enhance learning environment but also prepare, next generation for future lives and career as said by Wheeler.

Implicit Cognitive Vulnerability through Nudges, Boosts and Bounces

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerability ◽  
Instructional Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Community Environment ◽  
New Information ◽  
Motivational Support ◽  
Primary Focus

Implicit Cognitive Vulnerability is a developing theoretical understanding, wherein feeling safe within an instructional environment is of significant impact upon short-term and long-term memory’s cognitive acquisition of information so as to embed new information within a learner’s conceptual framework of understanding. Towards successfully individualizing a learner’s implicit cognitive vulnerability, the primary focus has been upon the larger community environment in which the learner is housed, yet the viability of the learner’s ability and cognitive viability must also be addressed through nudges, boosts and bounces of motivational support. Recognizing this individualized need of learners, this discussion revolves around the ability of a learner to embed implicit cognitive vulnerability within their own cognitive viability through structured and unstructured synchronous and asynchronous nudges and boosts that support self-regulatory and self-efficacy understandings.

The Immediacy of Conceptual Processing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Conceptual Processing ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
New Information ◽  
Thinking Process

Understanding requires thought, and thought requires memory, both short-term memory for the ongoing thinking process and longer-term memories that constitute one’s relevant knowledge. In a variety of studies the chapter shows that conceptual knowledge comes into play faster than standard models of long-term memory retrieval suppose and reflects a larger immediate capacity than models of short-term or working memory have suggested. It proposes a new form of memory termed conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) to account for the speed and appropriateness with which our prior knowledge shapes current perception and thought. When we identify a new stimulus, not only its concept but also other associated information in long-term memory is immediately activated, allowing new conceptual structures to be formed that relate the new information to relevant knowledge. Activated information that does not become structured is quickly forgotten and may never become conscious.

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Case Study

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Treatment Gains

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) has rarely been applied as the primary treatment for the multiple, severe and persistent problems that characterize schizophrenia. This case study describes the process of CBT in the long-term outpatient care of a young woman with schizophrenia. The study highlights the adaptation of cognitive-behavioral strategies to the unique needs of schizophrenia and presents data regarding clinical outcomes in this case. Measures of psychosocial functioning, severity of symptoms, attainment of treatment goals and hospitalization data were used to assess change over the 3- year treatment period and at 1-year follow-up. Results indicate considerable improvement in all outcome variables and maintenance of treatment gains. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of cognitive-behavioral interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia.

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