Trace elements in human milk, cow's milk, and infant formula.

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

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EFFECT OF AGE ON ABSORPTION OF MANGANESE FROM HUMAN MILK, COW'S MILK AND INFANT FORMULA

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-198404001-00694 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 209A-209A

Author(s):

Hasan Raghib ◽

Wai-Yee Chan ◽

Owen M Rennert

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Effect Of Age

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Milk demystified by chemistry

10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0034 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 241-246

Author(s):

Michael Obladen

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

19Th Century ◽

Infant Formula ◽

18Th Century ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Artificial Nutrition ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Emotional Dimension ◽

The 19Th Century

This chapter traces the decline of milk from a heavenly elixir to a tradeable food. Early cultures regarded milk not as a simple nutrient, but a living fluid. Heroes and gods were believed to have been nurtured by animals after being abandoned. Character traits were assumed to be transmitted by milk, infantile diseases were attributed to ‘bad milk’, whereas ‘good milk’ was used as a remedy. With chemical methods developed at the end of the 18th century, it became known that human milk was higher in sugar and lower in protein than cow’s milk. During the 19th century, ‘scientific’ feeding emerged which meant modifying cow’s milk to imitate the proportion of nutrients in human milk. In Paris from 1894, Budin sterilized bottled infant milk. In Berlin in 1898, Rubner measured oxygen and energy uptake by calorimetry. These activities ignored the emotional dimension of infant nutrition and the anti-infective properties of human milk and may have enhanced the decline in breastfeeding, which reached an all-time low in 1971. Milk’s demystification made artificial nutrition safer, but paved the way for commercially produced infant formula.

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Lead Content of Milk and Infant Formula

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-43.3.178 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 178-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

BAILUS WALKER

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Lead Content ◽

Food Sources ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Infant Food ◽

National Brands ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Dry Milk ◽

Nonfat Dry Milk

A survey to determine the lead content of early-infant food sources was conducted in the District of Columbia, Samples were collected from various lots of national brands of infant formula and evaporated milk, cartons of nonfat dry milk, containers of homogenized cow's milk and human milk from volunteer mothers, Data indicate that the concentration of lead in infant formula, evaporated milk and nonfat dry milk exceeds that in fresh cow's milk and human milk.

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Oligosaccharides in infant formula

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn/2002551 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (S2) ◽

pp. S293-S296 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Y. Vandenplas

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Golden Standard ◽

Maximum Effort ◽

And Function

Breast-feeding is the golden standard for infant feeding. However, the majority of a few week old infants are fed with a second choice infant feeding, cow's milk based formula. Amongst the multiple differences between human and cow's milk regards the development of the gastro-intestinal flora: the flora of the breast-fed infant being richer in bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Both species are known to be potentially beneficial for the health of the host. The absence of oligosaccharides, the third largest component in human milk, in cow's milk is likely to account for the differences in colonic flora. The oligosaccharide content and concentration in breast milk is — just as for the other macronutrients — a dynamic process, making it impossible for industry to mimic nature. However, if the composition cannot be mimicked, the effect and function can be imitated. The addition of two oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides and inulin, to cow's milk based infant formula has been shown to have a bifidogenic effect, and to stimulate the growth of bifidi and lactobacilli. In conclusion, the addition of oligosaccharides to cow's milk based infant formula brings this alternative, second choice infant feeding one step closer to the golden standard of human milk. But, prolonged breast-feeding should still be promoted with maximum effort.

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Infant Formula With Partially Hydrolyzed Cow's Milk Protein Versus a Formula With Intact Protein

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04015089 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Infant Formula ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Intact Protein ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk Protein ◽

Protein Versus

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The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.89.6.1105 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 89 (6) ◽

pp. 1105-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

American Academy ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Iron Status ◽

The United States ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Solid Foods ◽

American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽

Iron Deficient

The pediatrician is faced with a difficult challenge in providing recommendations for optimal nutrition in older infants. Because the milk (or formula) portion of the diet represents 35% to 100% of total daily calories and because WCM and breast milk or infant formula differ markedly in composition, the selection of a milk or formula has a great impact on nutrient intake. Infants fed WCM have low intakes of iron, linoleic acid, and vitamin E, and excessive intakes of sodium, potassium, and protein, illustrating the poor nutritional compatibility of solid foods and WCM. These nutrient intakes are not optimal and may result in altered nutritional status, with the most dramatic effect on iron status. Infants fed iron-fortified formula or breast milk for the first 12 months of life generally maintain normal iron status. No studies have concluded that the introduction of WCM into the diet at 6 months of age produces adequate iron status in later infancy; however, recent studies have demonstrated that iron status is significantly impaired when WCM is introduced into the diet of 6-month-old infants. Data from studies abroad of highly iron-deficient infant populations suggest that infants fed partially modified milk formulas with supplemental iron in a highly bioavailable form (ferrous sulfate) may maintain adequate iron status. However, these studies do not address the overall nutritional adequacy of the infant's diet. Such formulas have not been studied in the United States. Optimal nutrition of the infant involves selecting the appropriate milk source and eventually introducing infant solid foods. To achieve this goal, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for the first 6 to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is iron-fortified infant formula. Appropriate solid foods should be added between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Consumption of breast milk or iron-fortified formula, along with age-appropriate solid foods and juices, during the first 12 months of life allows for more balanced nutrition. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that whole cow's milk and low-iron formulas not be used during the first year of life.

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Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.4.439 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 439-444

Author(s):

Patrick S. Clyne ◽

Anthony Kulczycki

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Infant Colic ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

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Manganese Absorption from Human Milk, Cow’s Milk and Infant Formulas

Trace Elements in Man and Animals 6 ◽

10.1007/978-1-4613-0723-5_181 ◽

1988 ◽

pp. 511-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Davidsson ◽

Å. Cederblad ◽

B. Lönnerdal ◽

B. Sandström

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Cow's Milk

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