Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

Download Full-text

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN TETANY OF NEWLY BORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.5.2.228 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 228-240

Author(s):

LYTT I. GARDNER ◽

ELSIE A. MACLACHLAN ◽

WALTER PICK ◽

MARY L. TERRY ◽

ALLAN M. BUTLER

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

Human Infant ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Ca:P Ratio

Sixteen cases of neonatal tetany are reported, all of whom were fed cow's milk formulas. Relative to human milk, cow's milk has a low Ca:P ratio and increased total P concentration. These differences are accentuated in some commercial milks prepared for infant feeding. Cow's milk, even if diluted 2:1 with water, is an unphysiologic food for the human infant in the neonatal period, producing elevated serum P and decreased serum Ca and Mg levels. Increasing the Ca:P ratio of cow's milk to that of human milk or dilution 1:2 with water limits the abnormal changes in serum P, Ca and Mg concentrations referred to. A high P diet of an inadequately diluted cow's milk formula causes hypertrophy of the parathyroid glands of the newborn infant. The maximum renal P clearance of the human newborn infant in the first week of life appears to approximate 3500 ml./sq. m./24 hrs. Our observations indicate that when newborn infants are fed cow's milk formulas commonly used in this country limitation in parathyroid and renal function predisposes to tetany. The foregoing data emphasize the physiologic character of human milk for the newborn infant. If breast milk is unavailable, a suitable formula for the neonatal period appears to be cow's milk 1 part, water 2 parts, 10% carbohydrate and Ca-gluconate to produce a Ca:P ration approaching that of breast milk. The added water and Ca should then be gradually reduced.

Download Full-text

Developmental Status of 1-Year-Old Infants Fed Breast Milk, Cow's Milk Formula, or Soy Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.2011-3121d ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. X16-X16

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Developmental Status ◽

Cow's Milk

Download Full-text

The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.89.6.1105 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 89 (6) ◽

pp. 1105-1109 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

American Academy ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Iron Status ◽

The United States ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Solid Foods ◽

American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽

Iron Deficient

The pediatrician is faced with a difficult challenge in providing recommendations for optimal nutrition in older infants. Because the milk (or formula) portion of the diet represents 35% to 100% of total daily calories and because WCM and breast milk or infant formula differ markedly in composition, the selection of a milk or formula has a great impact on nutrient intake. Infants fed WCM have low intakes of iron, linoleic acid, and vitamin E, and excessive intakes of sodium, potassium, and protein, illustrating the poor nutritional compatibility of solid foods and WCM. These nutrient intakes are not optimal and may result in altered nutritional status, with the most dramatic effect on iron status. Infants fed iron-fortified formula or breast milk for the first 12 months of life generally maintain normal iron status. No studies have concluded that the introduction of WCM into the diet at 6 months of age produces adequate iron status in later infancy; however, recent studies have demonstrated that iron status is significantly impaired when WCM is introduced into the diet of 6-month-old infants. Data from studies abroad of highly iron-deficient infant populations suggest that infants fed partially modified milk formulas with supplemental iron in a highly bioavailable form (ferrous sulfate) may maintain adequate iron status. However, these studies do not address the overall nutritional adequacy of the infant's diet. Such formulas have not been studied in the United States. Optimal nutrition of the infant involves selecting the appropriate milk source and eventually introducing infant solid foods. To achieve this goal, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for the first 6 to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is iron-fortified infant formula. Appropriate solid foods should be added between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Consumption of breast milk or iron-fortified formula, along with age-appropriate solid foods and juices, during the first 12 months of life allows for more balanced nutrition. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that whole cow's milk and low-iron formulas not be used during the first year of life.

Download Full-text

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.4.439 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 439-444

Author(s):

Patrick S. Clyne ◽

Anthony Kulczycki

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Infant Colic ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

Download Full-text

Food Intake and Growth of Infants between Six and Twenty-six Weeks of Age on Breast Milk, Cow's Milk Formula, or Soy Formula

Acta Paediatrica ◽

10.1111/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09895.x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 40-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

LENNART KÖHLER ◽

GUNNAR MEEUWISSE ◽

WIGHER MORTENSSON

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Cow's Milk

Download Full-text

Serum total and free tryptophan levels in term infants fed cow's milk formula or human milk

European Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/bf00443111 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 148 (8) ◽

pp. 781-783 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. Zanardo ◽

M. D'Aquino ◽

L. Stocchero ◽

M. Biasiolo ◽

G. Allegri

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Term Infants ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Free Tryptophan

Download Full-text

The folic acid activity of some milk foods for babies

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900018811 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 85-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

J. E. Ford ◽

K. J. Scott

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Folic Acid Supplementation ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Acid Supplementation ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Goat’S Milk ◽

Liquid Milk ◽

Goat's Milk

SummaryFolic acid activity was determined for National Dried Milk and for 5 proprietary dried milk foods for babies, for a proprietary liquid milk baby food and for 8 brands of tinned evaporated milk. For comparison, values were determined for mature breast milk, for raw bulk cow's milk, for bottled pasteurized cow's milk and for goat's milk.Human milk and raw and pasteurized cow's milk all had much the same folate activity, equivalent to about 54 µg folic acid/1. Values for goat's milk were much lower, around 6 µg/1.Values for the reconstituted baby milks ranged from 9 to 65 µg/1, though only 2 of the products had markedly lower values than breast milk. The question is discussed whether the folic acid requirement in infants can be met by formulas based on cow's milk without having recourse to folic acid supplementation.

Download Full-text

Iron Sufficiency in Breast-Fed Infants and the Availability of Iron From Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.58.5.686 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 686-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julia A. Mcmillan ◽

Stephen A. Landaw ◽

Frank A. Oski

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Serum Iron ◽

Iron Absorption ◽

Normal Serum ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Normal Adults ◽

Breast Fed

Four infants were studied who had been exclusively breast-fed for periods varying from 8 to 18 months. All had grown sufficiently to have exhausted their prenatally acquired iron endowment with respect to meeting current needs for maintaining normal hemoglobin levels. All infants had normal hemoglobin values and normal serum iron values. Studies of iron absorption from breast milk and cow's milk were performed in ten normal adults. The absorption of iron from the human milk was significantly higher. These findings suggest that the iron present in human milk is sufficient to meet the iron requirements of the exclusively breast-fed infant until he approximately triples his birthweight.

Download Full-text