Long-anticipated equine influenza ‘epidemic’ arrives

AbstractChanges in the level of cellular proteins in cells inoculated with equine influenza virus H7N7 and H3N8 were studied with microarray technique. H3N8 induced pro-apoptotic proteins while H7N7 induced both pro- as well as anti-apoptotic factors. The higher level of some cytoskeleton components and proteins involved in the protein quality control was recorded. Relatively high number of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription was down-regulated. The pattern of changes observed for H7N7 and H3N8 may reflect differences in the biological properties of both serotypes.

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Tobacco smoking and influenza (review)

MedAlliance ◽

10.36422/23076348-2020-8-1-90-92 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 90-92

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Influenza Infection ◽

H1n1 Pandemic ◽

Influenza Epidemic ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Stop Smoking ◽

2009 H1n1 ◽

Former Smokers ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Pandemic Flu

The review analyzed data on the risks of influenza infection and severe course in tobacco smokers compared with non-smokers. The incidence of influenza in the Russian Federation in 2018 amounted to 26.33 per 100 000 people, and was 24% lower than the incidence in 2017 (34.86 per 100 000) due to the fact that in recent years the coverage of the population with preventive vaccinations has been significantly increased against the flu. Meta-analyzes shows that current smokers are more likely to get the flu than non-smokers. It is noted that smoking may increase the risk of hospitalization in smokers (OR 1.32–2.18 in various meta-analyzes) and former smokers after infection with the influenza virus. Tobacco has been found to increase the risk of death from influenza among older people. At the same time, there is a study of risk factors for severe outcomes in patients hospitalized with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu, in which smoking was not a risk factor for severe outcomes. During the influenza epidemic, smokers and former smokers should be given the flu shot and be informed of the risk of hospitalization, and they are also strongly advised to stop smoking.

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Comparative measurement of Equine influenza virus antibodies by single radial haemolysis and haemagglutination inhibition tests

Journal of Current Veterinary Research ◽

10.21608/jcvr.2016.37889 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 72-79

Author(s):

Eman Ebeid ◽

Nehal Saleh ◽

Nashwa Madkour

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Comparative Measurement ◽

Equine Influenza

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Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040784 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 784

Author(s):

Sylvia Reemers ◽

Sander van Bommel ◽

Qi Cao ◽

David Sutton ◽

Saskia van de Zande

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Vaccine ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Field Strain ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Outbreak Strain ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Vaccine Type ◽

High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

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A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE RECENT “INFLUENZA” EPIDEMIC IN DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND

The Medical Journal of Australia ◽

10.5694/j.1326-5377.1919.tb29746.x ◽

1919 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 146-149

Author(s):

F. Fitchett ◽

J. T. Bowie

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Preliminary Report ◽

Influenza Epidemic

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An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13050888 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 888

Author(s):

Cecilia Olguin-Perglione ◽

María Edith Barrandeguy

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Economic Losses ◽

South American ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Vaccine Manufacturer ◽

Gene Level ◽

Control Procedures

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products.

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