A simple rearing technique for larvae and observations on the larval biology of Australian ‘splendid ghost moths’, Aenetus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
ETHAN PEREGRINE BEAVER ◽  
JOHN GREHAN
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Biology ◽  
New Host ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Associate Species

It is difficult to associate species of the wood-boring moth in the genus Aenetus with their host plant, because larvae develop inside live trees. A new method is described for rearing larvae of Aenetus eximia, A. lewinii, A. blackburnii, A. ligniveren and A. scotti in cut stems of trees containing larval tunnels by feeding them apple pieces. Larvae that completed development were reared from 49 to 396 days after collection from the field. Aspects of larval feeding webs and adult emergence are described, and new host records are documented. The rearing method is shown to provide an effective means of accurately determining the species of Aenetus developing inside a given host plant.  It was more convenient than obtaining pupae or emerging adults in the field, which is often not possible to do. The method should be useful for conducting surveys, particularly for species with wide distribution ranges. This method may also be effective for the study of other genera of callus feeding, stem boring Hepialidae, such as Archaeoaenetus, Endoclita, Phassus, Schausiana and Zeloptypia.

BIOLOGY OF PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE) DURING AN OUTBREAK

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Asaro ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Pine False Webworm ◽  
Acantholyda Erythrocephala ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractThe life history of pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), in three pine (Pinaceae) plantations in northern New York is similar to that reported for this species on red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, in Ontario. Adult emergence extended from early May to early June. The sex ratio of emerging adults favored males by as much as 2.7:1. Oviposition occurred from mid-May to early June. Significantly more eggs per fascicle were deposited on the distal third of branches and in the lower third of the crown. Larval feeding took place throughout June. The proportion of prepupae remaining in the soil for more than 1 year varied from 9% to 66% between two sites. There was no evidence of egg parasitism, and egg survival exceeded 95% in each of 2 years. A new species of nematode (Steinernema sp.) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) was recovered from pronymphs. Homaspis interruptus (Provancher) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitized larvae and emerged from 8.5% and 2.8% of the pronymphs in two populations.

scholarly journals Exotic-looking Neotropical Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera) and their host plants

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 970 ◽  
pp. 117-158
Author(s):  
Jonas R. Stonis ◽  
Arūnas Diškus ◽  
Andrius Remeikis ◽  
M. Alma Solis ◽  
Liliana Katinas
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
New Host ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Plant Data

Seven new species of Tischeriidae are described from the Neotropics: Astrotischeria jociui Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (feeding on Wissadula excelsior (Cav.) C. Presl., Malvaceae), A. atlantica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (feeding on Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill., Asteraceae), A. cornuata Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (host plant unknown), Paratischeria guarani Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (feeding on Elephantopus mollis Kunth, Asteraceae), P. mesoamericana Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (feeding on Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth., Asteraceae), P. suprafasciata Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (feeding on Allophyllus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Hieron. ex Niederl., Sapindaceae), and P. braziliensis Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (host plant unknown). Additionally, an updated distribution map of Paratischeria neotropicana (Diškus & Stonis, 2015), which currently has the broadest distribution range among the Neotropical Tischeriidae is provided along with new host-plant data, a list of all recorded host plants in the Neotropics, and a brief discussion on trophic relationships of Tischeriidae. It is hypothesized that host-plant distribution ranges can provide clues to potential distribution ranges of these specialized, monophagous or oligophagous, leaf miners. All new taxa are illustrated with photographs of the adults, their genitalia, and, if available, leaf mines.

PHENOLOGY OF HOPLOCAMPA MONTANICOLA ROHWER (TENTHREDINIDAE) AND ANTHONOMUS QUADRIGIBBUS SAY (CURCULIONIDAE) ON THEIR HOST PLANT AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA NUTT. (ROSACEAE) IN SASKATCHEWAN

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. St. Pierre ◽  
D.M. Lehmkuhl
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
New Generation

AbstractAdult Hoplocampa montanicola Rohwer emerged in mid-May, 6.2 ± 3.2 days (mean ± SE) prior to the period of peak anthesis in Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttall. Oviposition, one egg per flower, occurred during the period of petal drop in late-May; a mean ± SE of 2.2 ± 0.2 eggs were deposited in each inflorescence. Eggs hatched 7.7 ± 3 days (mean ± SE) after the period of primary petal drop and larvae fed on a mean ± SE of 1.8 ± 0.14 fruit per infructescence. Larvae completed development by the end of June, just as the first fruit of A. alnifolia were beginning to ripen. Larvae overwintered in the leaf litter.Adult Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say (previously assigned to the genus Tachypterellus) were first collected in mid- to late-May during the periods of anthesis and fruit drop in A. alnifolia. Immature fruit fed upon were often extensively damaged. Oviposition occurred toward the end of fruit drop in A. alnifolia, 30.6 ± 2.5 days (mean ± SE) after the period of peak anthesis. Only one egg was laid in a puncture at the base of a fruit. Larval feeding was restricted to ovules and occurred in fruit retained on the plant. Pupation and adult emergence occurred in mid-July as fruit were ripening. The new generation of adults then entered the leaf litter to overwinter.

scholarly journals Staying in touch: how highly specialised moth pollinators track host plant phenology in unpredictable climates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. D. Finch ◽  
Sally A. Power ◽  
Justin A. Welbergen ◽  
James M. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Plant Phenology ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Specific Species

AbstractFor pollinating insects that visit just a single flowering species, the co-occurrence of flowers and insects in time is likely to have critical implications for both plant and pollinator. Insects often utilise diapause to persist through periods in which resources are unavailable, timing their re-emergence by responding to the same environmental cues as their host plants. The obligate pollination mutualisms (OPMs) between Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) and their leaf flower host plants are some of the most specialised interactions between plants and insects. However, to date there have been very few studies of Epicephala moth lifecycles and none of how they synchronise their activity with the flowering of their host plants. Breynia oblongifolia (Phyllanthaceae) is known to be exclusively pollinated by two highly specific species of Epicephala moth (Gracillariidae). We surveyed populations of both the host plant and it’s pollinators over multiple years to determine their annual phenology and then modelled the climatic factors that drive their activity. Using our newly gained knowledge of moth and host plant phenology, we then looked for evidence of diapause at both the egg and pre-pupal stages. Our phenology surveys showed that although female flowers were present throughout the entire year, the abundance of flowers and fruits was highly variable between sites and strongly associated with local rainfall and photoperiod. Fruit abundance, but not flower abundance, was a significant predictor of adult Epicephala activity, suggesting that eggs or early instar larvae diapause within dormant flowers and emerge as fruits mature. Searches of overwintering flowers confirmed this, with many containing evidence of pollen and diapausing pollinators. We also observed the behaviour of adult Epicephala prior to pupation and found that ~10% of the Autumn emerging Epicephala enter diapause, eclosing to adulthood after 38-56 weeks. The remaining 90% of autumn emerging adults pupate directly with no diapause, suggesting a bet hedging strategy for adult emergence. As such, Epicephala moths appear to utilise diapause at multiple stages in their lifecycle, and possibly bet hedging, in order to deal with variable flowering phenology and climatic unpredictability.

Different emergence phenology of European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on six varieties of grapes

2013 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Thiéry ◽  
K. Monceau ◽  
J. Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Insect Emergence ◽  
Single Wave ◽  
European Grapevine Moth ◽  
Grapevine Moth ◽  
Grape Varieties

AbstractThe phenology of insect emergence affects reproductive success and is especially critical in short-lived species. An increasing number of studies have documented the effects of thermal and other climatic variations and of unpredictable habitats on the timing of adult insect emergence within and between populations and years. Numerous interacting factors may affect the phenology of adult emergence. Host-plant quality and availability is a key factor that has been largely neglected in studies of the phenology of phytophagous insects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of host plant characteristics on the rate of larval growth and the pattern of emergence in a wild population of Lobesia botrana (European grapevine moth), a significant pest in European vineyards. The phenology of emergence differed significantly among the six tested varieties of grapes. The percentage of bunches harboring pupae was similar among the different grape varieties, and the total number of pupae collected was similar to the number of emerging adults per bunch. Among the six varieties of grapes, 0–25 pupae were produced on each bunch. Each of the grape varieties had a single wave of emergence, in which males emerged before females, but their emergence phenology differed significantly in Chardonnay, Chasselas, and Pinot grapes. Both genders had extended durations of emergence in Merlot grapes. Together, the present results show that the characteristics of the grape host plant affect the emergence phenology of L. botrana.

Mango: A new host plant for the lycaeinid Anthene lycaenina lycaenina (R. Felder, 1868)

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-238
Author(s):  
J. Nayanathara ◽  
R. Narayana
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
New Host ◽  
First Time

Anthene lycaenina lycaenina (R. Felder, 1868) is reported on mango for the first time.

Bagworm Survival and Feeding Preferences as Indicators of Resistance among Maples

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
William E. Klingeman
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Hybrid Cross ◽  
Plant Susceptibility

Abstract The bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth)) is a polyphagous, native pest of numerous deciduous and evergreen ornamental plants. Bagworm larvae were used to investigate host plant susceptibility among ten species and cultivars of maples that are economically important and commonly encountered in landscapes in the eastern United States. Data analyses from 48-hour choice assays, conducted in the laboratory during 2000 and 2001, indicated that differences existed among maples for bagworm feeding preferences and host plant susceptibility. Results from the 48-hour trials were not as accurate as seasonal no-choice assays, however. No-choice assays during both seasons quantified resistance among maples that limited larval bagworm survival and development. Measurements of larval feeding injury demonstrated resistance in paperbark maple (Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax) and trident maple (A. buergerianum Miq.) when compared with other maples. Laboratory results were corroborated during 2001 by a no-choice field assay, in which early instar bagworm larvae performed well on the majority of maples. In contrast, paperbark maple and trident maple were resistant to bagworm feeding, while ‘Autumn Blaze’ Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray), a hybrid cross obtained by breeding A. rubrum with A. saccharinum, showed moderate resistance.

scholarly journals Laboratory and microcosm experiments reveal contrasted adaptive responses to ammonia and water mineralisation in aquatic stages of the sibling species Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nwamaka Oluchukwu Akpodiete ◽  
Frédéric Tripet
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Phenotypic Quality

Abstract Background The sibling species of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii co-exist in many parts of West Africa and are thought to have recently diverged through a process of ecological speciation with gene flow. Divergent larval ecological adaptations, resulting in Genotype-by-Environment (G × E) interactions, have been proposed as important drivers of speciation in these species. In West Africa, An. coluzzii tends to be associated with permanent man-made larval habitats such as irrigated rice fields, which are typically more eutrophic and mineral and ammonia-rich than the temporary rain pools exploited by An. gambiae (s.s.) Methods To highlight G × E interactions at the larval stage and their possible role in ecological speciation of these species, we first investigated the effect of exposure to ammonium hydroxide and water mineralisation on larval developmental success. Mosquito larvae were exposed to two water sources and increasing ammonia concentrations in small containers until adult emergence. In a second experiment, larval developmental success was compared across two contrasted microcosms to highlight G × E interactions under conditions such as those found in the natural environment. Results The first experiment revealed significant G × E interactions in developmental success and phenotypic quality for both species in response to increasing ammonia concentrations and water mineralisation. The An. coluzzii strain outperformed the An. gambiae (s.s.) strain under limited conditions that were closer to more eutrophic habitats. The second experiment revealed divergent crisscrossing reaction norms in the developmental success of the sibling species in the two contrasted larval environments. As expected, An. coluzzii had higher emergence rates in the rice paddy environment with emerging adults of superior phenotypic quality compared to An. gambiae (s.s.), and vice versa, in the rain puddle environment. Conclusions Evidence for such G × E interactions lends support to the hypothesis that divergent larval adaptations to the environmental conditions found in man-made habitats such as rice fields in An. coluzzii may have been an important driver of its ecological speciation.

scholarly journals Grape variety affects larval performance and also female reproductive performance of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Moreau ◽  
B. Benrey ◽  
D. Thiéry
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
European Grapevine Moth ◽  
Wild Grape ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Fitness Index ◽  
Grapevine Moth

AbstractFor insect herbivores, the quality of the larval host plant is a key determinant of fitness. Therefore, insect populations are supposed to be positively correlated with the nutritional quality of their host plant. This study aimed to determine if and how different varieties of grapes (including the wild grape Lambrusque) affect both larval and adult performance of the polyphagous European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). Significant differences were found in larval development time, but not in pupal mass, adult emergence rate, or sex ratio. Although the fecundity of females is not different among varieties, females fed on some varieties produced eggs of different sizes which are correlated to their fertility. Thus, females adapt resource allocation to eggs depending on their diet as larvae. Using a fitness index, the average reproductive output was found to be highest for females reared on cv. Chardonnay. Females reared on wild grape produced a fitness index identical to the cultivated grapes. However, Lambrusque and Gewurztraminer separate themselves from the cultivated varieties according to our discriminant analyses. It is emphasized, through this study, that cultivars fed on by larvae should be considered in the population dynamics of L. botrana and that egg number is insufficient to determine host plant quality.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE: A New Host Plant Record for Moneilema variolare Thomson in México (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

10.1649/732 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Rodrigo Salazar ◽  
Carlos Céspedes Acuña ◽  
Felipe A. Noguera
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
New Host ◽  
Scientific Note
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