immature fruit
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Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
José O. Bernal-Gallardo ◽  
Jorge Molina-Torres ◽  
María V. Angoa-Pérez ◽  
Jeanette G. Cárdenas-Valdovinos ◽  
Ignacio García-Ruíz ◽  
...  

The genus Vaccinium contains about 400 species distributed worldwide, but only a few species and varieties have had their phenolic composition and biological activity documented. In this study, phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Vaccinium stenophyllum Steud. fruits: 1-totally immature, 2-immature, 3-immature/close to maturity and 4-mature, were determined using UV-Visible spectrometry and HPTLC. The totally immature fruit extract showed the highest content of total phenols (19.153 ± 0.175 mg GAE/g DW), chlorogenic acid (20.867 ± 0.240 mg CAE/g DW), and the highest antioxidant activity by ABTS●+ (196.761 ± 0.641 µM TE/g DW) and DPPH● (146.580 ± 6.466 µM TE/g DW). Immature, immature/close to maturity and mature fruits extracts, exhibited the lowest MIC (9.37 mg/mL) and MBC (18.75 mg/mL) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Shigella flexneri. The mature fruits extract exhibited the highest content of total anthocyanins (0.141 ± 0.004 mg CE/g DW) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (19.230 ± 0.309 mg CGE/g DW). The content of phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins was higher than that reported for other Vaccinium species. These results showed the relevance of Vaccinium stenophyllum Steud. for breeding purposes to enhance the bioactivity of cultivars, or as a source of natural additives for the food industry, among others.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2341
Author(s):  
D. S. Kishor ◽  
Hemasundar Alavilli ◽  
Sang-Choon Lee ◽  
Jeong-Gu Kim ◽  
Kihwan Song

Despite various efforts in identifying the genes governing the white immature fruit skin color in cucumber, the genetic basis of the white immature fruit skin color is not well known. In the present study, genetic analysis showed that a recessive gene confers the white immature fruit skin-color phenotype over the light-green color of a Korean slicer cucumber. High-throughput QTL-seq combined with bulked segregation analysis of two pools with the extreme phenotypes (white and light-green fruit skin color) in an F2 population identified two significant genomic regions harboring QTLs for white fruit skin color within the genomic region between 34.1 and 41.67 Mb on chromosome 3, and the genomic region between 12.2 and 12.7 Mb on chromosome 5. Further, nonsynonymous SNPs were identified with a significance of p < 0.05 within the QTL regions, resulting in eight homozygous variants within the QTL region on chromosome 3. SNP marker analysis uncovered the novel missense mutations in Chr3CG52930 and Chr3CG53640 genes and showed consistent results with the phenotype of light-green and white fruit skin-colored F2 plants. These two genes were located 0.5 Mb apart on chromosome 3, which are considered strong candidate genes. Altogether, this study laid a solid foundation for understanding the genetic basis and marker-assisted breeding of immature fruit skin color in cucumber.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lang Wu ◽  
Haoran Wang ◽  
Sujun Liu ◽  
Mengmeng Liu ◽  
Jinkui Liu ◽  
...  

Abstract In pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), the common colors of immature fruits are yellowish white, milky yellow, green, purple, and purplish black. Some genes related to these colors have been cloned, but only those related to dark green, white, and purple immature fruits; few studies have investigated light-green immature fruits. Here, we performed a genetic study using light-green (17C827) and green (17C658) immature fruits. We found that the light-green color of immature fruits were controlled by a single locus-dominant genetic trait compared with the green color of immature fruits. We also performed a genome-wide association study and bulked segregant analysis of immature-fruit color and mapped the LG locus to a 35.07 kbp region on chromosome 10. Only one gene, Capana10g001710, was found in this region. A G-A substitution occurred at the 313th base of the Capana10g001710 coding sequence in 17C827, resulting in the α-helix of its encoded PP2C35 protein to turn into a β-fold. The expression of Capana10g001710 (termed CaPP2C35) in 17C827 was significantly higher than in 17C658. Silencing of CaPP2C35 in 17C827 resulted in an increase in chlorophyll content in the exocarp and the appearance of green stripes on the surface of the fruit. These results indicate that CaPP2C35 may be involved in the formation of light-green immature fruits by regulating the accumulation of chlorophyll content in the exocarp. Thus, this research lays the foundation for further studies and genetic improvement of immature-fruit color in pepper.


PhytoKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Rosana Romero ◽  
Rodrigo Valentim

Microlicia deflexasp. nov. and M. johnwurdackianasp. nov. are described, illustrated and an updated identification key for the species of Microlicia from Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia is provided. Microlicia deflexa occurs in Minas Gerais and Goiás States and is characterised by its linear-lanceolate and deflexed sepal on flower and immature fruit, long pedicel and indumentum of glandular trichomes, mixed with spherical, golden glands. Microlicia johnwurdackiana is endemic to Uberlândia and characterised by having indumentum of setose trichomes and spherical, golden glands, magenta petal with greenish abaxial surface at the apex and dimorphic stamens with bicolorous and tetrasporangiate anthers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (29) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Christelle Flavie Mbieji Kemayou ◽  
Grâce Annih Mbong ◽  
Marie Caroline Momo Solefack ◽  
Jean Kuate

La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation des mangues locales et de la perception endogène des pratiques culturales associées. Cette étude a été menée entre mars et juin 2020, dans les Départements du Noun et de la Lékié, dans onze (11) villages à fort potentiel de manguiers. L’enquête s’est faite par administration des questionnaires et par des observations directes auprès de 300 producteurs de mangues locales. Il en ressort que les producteurs sont en majorité des hommes (82,66%) mariés, de plus de 50 ans (59,3%), de niveau primaire (60%) pour le Noun et secondaire (59,3%) pour la Lékié. Les surfaces exploitées sont de moins de 1000 m2, localisées au bord de leurs concessions. Dans les deux Départements, l’itinéraire technique telle que recommandée par les experts n’est pas respecté et les techniques de récolte pratiquées sont inappropriées. Elles se font soit par la grimpe, la secousse de l’arbre ou l’utilisation des crochets. Les fruits récoltés sont mal conditionnés et vendus dans les différents contenants. L’anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes) et la chute de fruits immatures sévissent dans les vergers. Huit variétés locales ont été identifiées. Pour une bonne production des mangues locales dans le Noun et la Lékié il est important pour les producteurs d’améliorer leur capacité, d’utiliser les variétés locales greffées et de se former en techniques de conservation des mangues.  This study is part of the valorisation of local mangoes and the endogenous perception of associated cultivation practices. This study was carried out between March and June 2020, in the Noun and Lékié Divisions, in eleven (11) villages with high potential for mango trees. The survey was carried out by administering questionnaires and by direct observations with 300 local mango producers. It appears that the majority of producers are married men (82.66%), over 50 (59.3%), primary (60%) for the Noun and secondary (59.3%) for the Lékié. The areas exploited are less than 1000 m2, located at the edge of their concessions. In both Divisions, the technical itinerary as recommended by the experts is not followed and the harvesting techniques practiced are inappropriate. They are done either by climbing, shaking the tree or using the hooks. The harvested fruits are poorly packaged and sold in the various containers. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes) and immature fruit drop are rampant in orchards. Eight local varieties have been identified. For a good production of local mangoes in Noun and Lékié it is important for producers to improve their capacity, to use grafted local varieties and to be trained in mango conservation techniques.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukul Joshi ◽  
Ze’ev Schmilovitch ◽  
Idit Ginzberg

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit is well known for its health-beneficial metabolites. The pomegranate peel consists of an inner thick spongy white tissue, and an outer smooth skin layer that accumulates anthocyanins in red cultivars when ripe. The skin is made up of epidermis cells covered by a cuticle, the latter being the first target of cracking and russeting. The present study focuses on the effect of Israel’s hot and dry climate on pomegranate growth, to elucidate the derived effects on fruit skin characteristics and its putative resistance to the building pressure from fruit expansion. Experiments were conducted for four years, in four orchards located in different regions of the country, each with a different typical microclimate. Fruit-growth parameters were followed using remote-sensing tools, microscopic study, and mineral analysis of the skin, followed by determination of the peel’s elastic modulus. Fruit expanded in two phases: a short rapid phase followed by a gradual phase with a sigmoidal growth-rate pattern. Extreme hot and dry climate during the period of maximal growth rate was associated with restricted growth and a high proportion of small-size fruit. Anatomical study indicated that the skin of mature pomegranate fruit is made up of epidermal cells that are relatively flat and spaced apart, and is expected to be less durable against internal pressure. In contrast, skin of early immature fruit has two layers of dense and rounded epidermis, and is expected to be more resistant to cracking. Tensile strength studies confirmed this trend—skin of mature fruit had a lower elastic modulus than young fruit. However, restrained growth due to extreme environmental cues may result in better resistance of the mature pomegranate fruit to cracking, and in better skin quality and appearance, albeit small fruits. On the other hand, temperate climate at the beginning of the growth period, which allows high growth rate and high daily shrinkage, leads to pomegranate skin disorders.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255831
Author(s):  
Venera Russo ◽  
Alberto Continella ◽  
Carmelo Drago ◽  
Alessandra Gentile ◽  
Stefano La Malfa ◽  
...  

Immature fruits from Punica granatum L. thinning are a neglected side product of pomegranate production with cumbersome disposal costs for farmers. To explore value potential of immature fruits from pomegranate ‘Wonderful’ cultivars, the compositional landscapes and antitumorigenic activities of pomegranate extracts from two different stages of maturation were assessed. Cancer cell proliferation and cytotoxicity was quantified in human lung H1299 and colon HCT116 adenocarcinomas by crystal violet staining, MTS assay and caspase-3 activity. High performance liquid chromatography—diode array detector (HPLC/DAD) and high performance liquid chromatography—electrospray ionization—mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) analyses indicate that immature fruits are rich sources of gallotannins and ellagitannins, with the highest amounts contained in immature fruit peels. Biological investigations reveal a robust anticancer activity by those immature P. granatum fruit extracts, which reflected induction of tumor cytotoxicity and cell death mechanisms. Together, present observations suggest P. granatum byproducts from the thinning process may provide unexplored values for virtuous circular economy.


Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Fernando Sebastián López-Anido

Domesticated Cucurbita has been remarked as one of the plant genera with the highest diversity in color, shape and fruit dimensions. Their economic and cultural values are related to the consumption of the mature or immature fruits, seeds, flowers, and to the use as decoration. The wild ancestor of C. maxima, the ssp. andreana has an actual scattered and disjointed distribution, associated with megafauna seed disperser syndrome. It was domesticated in South America around 9000–7000 years BP. The cultivar-group is a subspecific category for assembling cultivars on the basis of defined similarity. The work describes and pictures nine cultivar-groups for the species, Banana, Turban, Hubbard, Show, Buttercup, Zapallito, Plomo, Zipinka and Nugget. The molecular and a morphological join data analysis scatter biplot showed Turban and Buttercup in a central position, suggesting a first step in the domestication pathway associated with seed and immature fruit consumption; afterward, bigger bearing fruits groups were selected for their mature fruit flesh quality on one hand, and bush type, short day induction and temperate climate adaptation on the other hand. The striking domesticated Brazilian accession MAX24 intermediate between cultigens and ssp. andreana strengthens, in concordance with archeological remains, the possible domestication place of the species more easternward than previously believed.


Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng-Liang LIU ◽  
Shuangyun Zhou ◽  
Yongcai Huang ◽  
Liu Yang ◽  
Yong Yan ◽  
...  

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is an economically important fruit crop in many tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. In recent years, passion fruit was widely cultivated in Guangxi Province. In 2020, a rot disease occurred on immature fruit of passion fruit in several commercial orchards of Nanning, Guangxi, caused about 50% incidence. The first appeared as small, irregular, water-soaked, brown lesions on immature fruit. As the disease progressed, the lesions rapidly enlarged, causing fruit rot. A layer of sparse white mycelia appeared on the lesions at high humidity. The disease first developed in June, its peak periods from August to September. Five diseased fruits were collected from five different orchards. The edges of symptomatic fleshy mesocarp tissue were cut into pieces (5 mm × 5 mm), surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol solution for 60 s, rinsed three times with sterilized distilled water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark. After 5 days, similar white colonies with abundant aerial mycelia developed from all plated tissue samples. Five isolates were obtained, and they were identified as Phytophthora nicotianae based on morphological characteristics and DNA analysis. Spherical hyphal swellings were commonly produced. Numerous sporangia were formed in sterile soil extract. Sporangia were ovoid or obpyriform, papillate, and measured 25 to 58 μm (average 41 μm) × 21 to 45 μm (average 29 μm). Chlamydospores were spherical and 19 to 43 μm in diameter (average 30 μm) (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). The genomic DNA of a representative isolate Seg2-5 was extracted from mycelia through modified CTAB method (Murray and Thompson 1980). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, ypt1, and coxII were amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), Yph1F/Yph2R (Schena et al. 2008), and FM75F/FM78R (Villa et al. 2006), respectively. BLAST searches of the ITS, ypt1, and coxII sequences (Accession No. MW470847, MW770870, and MW770871) showed 99 to 100% identity with sequences of P. nicotianae (Accession No. JF792540, MK058408, and MH551183). Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, isolate Seg2-5 was identified as P. nicotianae. To confirm pathogenicity, asymptomatic and immature fruits 'Mantianxing' of passion fruit were previously disinfested in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Mycelial plugs of isolate Seg2-5 were placed onto the surface of fruits by nonwounded and pin-prick inoculation. Blank plugs were used as negative controls. Each treatment had five replicates and the test was repeated twice. Fruits were maintained in plastic boxes at 28°C and the initial disease spots appeared at 3 dpi or 5 dpi with wounded or non-wounded inoculation. After 7 to 10 days, all inoculated fruits showed similar symptoms as observed initially in the field, whereas control fruits remained healthy. P. nicotianae was successfully reisolated and identified from the inoculated fruits based on morphological characters and ITS sequence, thus confirming Koch’s postulates. P. nicotianae had been previously isolated from passion fruit in South Africa (Van and Huller 1970), Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2015), and Fujian Province of China (Luo et al. 1993). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. nicotianae infecting passion fruit in Guangxi Province, China.


Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Bock ◽  
Marvin Wells ◽  
Mike W Hotchkiss

Scab (caused by Venturia effusa) is the most important yield-limiting disease of pecan in the southeastern USA. On susceptible cultivars, the disease is managed using fungicides, but spray coverage is an issue in tall trees. In four experiments we used an air-blast sprayer to compare scab severity on fruit at 5.0 to 15.0 m height in trees receiving the same dose of fungicide at 468, 935 and 1871 L/ha at 2.4 and 3.2 km/h (in two additional experiments fungicides were applied at 4.0 km/h @ 470 L/Ha, 4.0 km/h @ 940 L/Ha and 4.0 km/h @ 1100 L/Ha). An air-blast sprayer was used for the applications, which included typical recommended active ingredients (a.i.). Nozzles were selected to provide similar proportions of spray to the upper and lower canopy. The treatments (or subsets thereof) were repeated in 2015 to 2017 on cv. Schley, and in 2017, 2019 and 2020 on cv. Desirable. All treatments reduced scab compared to the control. Overall, there was no consistent difference among the treatments for severity of scab on foliage, immature fruit, or mature fruit at any height in the canopy up to 15.0 m (maximum height sampled). Fungicide applied at 2.4 or 3.2 km/h @ 470 L/ha was as effective at reducing disease as were the higher volumes (sometimes more so). The scab epidemic severity affected control efficacy. Estimated cost and water savings based on faster speed and lower volume were considerable. These preliminary observations indicate no single volume or speed was consistently superior to control scab; this suggests in most seasons, low volumes (higher concentration of a.i.) may be similarly efficacious as high volumes (lower concentration of a.i.) for controlling scab in tall pecan trees, and offer greater resource use efficiency.


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