A Brief Symptom Validity Testing Procedure for Logical Memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Which Can Demonstrate Verbal Memory in the Face of Claimed Disability

Abstract Symptom validity testing (SVT), also known as forced-choice testing, is a means of assessing the validity of sensory and memory deficits, including tactile anesthesias, paresthesias, blindness, color blindness, tunnel vision, blurry vision, and deafness. The common feature among these symptoms is a claimed inability to perceive or remember a sensory signal. SVT comprises two elements: a specific ability is assessed by presenting a large number of items in a multiple-choice format, and then the examinee's performance is compared to the statistical likelihood of success based on chance alone. These tests usually present two alternatives; thus the probability of simply guessing the correct response (equivalent to having no ability at all) is 50%. Thus, scores significantly below chance performance indicate that the sensory cues must have been perceived, but the examinee chose not to report the correct answer—alternative explanations are not apparent. SVT also has the capacity to demonstrate that the examinee performed below the probabilities of chance. Scoring below a norm can be explained by fatigue, evaluation anxiety, inattention, or limited intelligence. Scoring below the probabilities of chance alone most likely indicates deliberate deceptions and is evidence of malingering because it provides strong evidence that the examinee received the sensory cues and denied the perception. Even so, malingering must be evaluated from the total clinical context.

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Clinical Update: Symptom Validity Testing

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.julaug05 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 8-9

Author(s):

Leon H. Ensalada

Keyword(s):

Symptom Validity ◽

Validity Testing ◽

Symptom Validity Testing

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Impairment Questions and Answers

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.julaug02 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 4-4

Keyword(s):

Symptom Validity ◽

Validity Testing ◽

Symptom Validity Testing ◽

Negative Results ◽

Tunnel Vision ◽

Questions And Answers ◽

Blurry Vision ◽

Fatigue Evaluation ◽

Choice Testing ◽

Rule Out

Abstract Symptom validity testing, also known as forced-choice testing, is a way to assess the validity of sensory and memory deficits, including tactile anesthesias, paresthesias, blindness, color blindness, tunnel vision, blurry vision, and deafness—the common feature of which is a claimed inability to perceive or remember a sensory signal. Symptom validity testing comprises two elements: A specific ability is assessed by presenting a large number of items in a multiple-choice format, and then the examinee's performance is compared with the statistical likelihood of success based on chance alone. Scoring below a norm can be explained in many different ways (eg, fatigue, evaluation anxiety, limited intelligence, and so on), but scoring below the probabilities of chance alone most likely indicates deliberate deception. The positive predictive value of the symptom validity technique likely is quite high because there is no alternative explanation to deliberate distortion when performance is below the probability of chance. The sensitivity of this technique is not likely to be good because, as with a thermometer, positive findings indicate that a problem is present, but negative results do not rule out a problem. Although a compelling conclusion is that the examinee who scores below probabilities is deliberately motivated to perform poorly, malingering must be concluded from the total clinical context.

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Predictive value of performance validity testing and symptom validity testing in psychoeducational assessment

Applied Neuropsychology Adult ◽

10.1080/23279095.2021.1943396 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Allyson G. Harrison ◽

A. Lynne Beal ◽

Irene T. Armstrong

Keyword(s):

Predictive Value ◽

Symptom Validity ◽

Psychoeducational Assessment ◽

Performance Validity ◽

Validity Testing ◽

Symptom Validity Testing ◽

Performance Validity Testing

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Women have Farther to Fall: Gender Differences Between Normal Elderly and Alzheimer's Disease in Verbal Memory Engender Better Detection of Alzheimer's Disease in Women

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617711000452 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 654-662 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Robert M. Chapman ◽

Mark Mapstone ◽

Margaret N. Gardner ◽

Tiffany C. Sandoval ◽

John W. McCrary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Control Group ◽

Large Drop ◽

Delayed Recall ◽

Logical Memory ◽

Wechsler Memory Scale ◽

Immediate Recall

AbstractWe analyzed verbal episodic memory learning and recall using the Logical Memory (LM) subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III to determine how gender differences in AD compare to those seen in normal elderly and whether or not these differences impact assessment of AD. We administered the LM to both an AD and a Control group, each comprised of 21 men and 21 women, and found a large drop in performance from normal elders to AD. Of interest was a gender interaction whereby the women's scores dropped 1.6 times more than the men's did. Control women on average outperformed Control men on every aspect of the test, including immediate recall, delayed recall, and learning. Conversely, AD women tended to perform worse than AD men. Additionally, the LM achieved perfect diagnostic accuracy in discriminant analysis of AD versus Control women, a statistically significantly higher result than for men. The results indicate the LM is a more powerful and reliable tool in detecting AD in women than in men. (JINS, 2011, 17, 654–662)

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