Kondisi terumbu karang dan makro invertebrata di Perairan Ujong Pancu, Kecamatan Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar

Samsul Bahri; Edi Rudi; Irma Dewiyanti

doi:10.13170/depik.1.1.2278

Kondisi terumbu karang dan makro invertebrata di Perairan Ujong Pancu, Kecamatan Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar

DEPIK ◽

10.13170/depik.1.1.2278 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Samsul Bahri ◽

Edi Rudi ◽

Irma Dewiyanti

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Good Condition ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Visual Census ◽

Hard Coral Cover ◽

Diadema Setosum

Abstract. The aimof this study was to evaluate the condition of coral reefs and macro invertebrates at Ujong Pancu, Aceh Besar District The study was carried out from April to May 152012. Coral coverage was observed by using Point Intercept Trancect method and Visual census technique for macro invertebrates. There was 50% of hard coral coverage recorded in three observation locations. The predominant genus was Acropora with a percentage of more than 50% at all locations. The abundance of macro invertebrateswas ranged from 3.75 to 7.75 ind/transect. The most abundant macro invertebrates was Diadema setosum with percentage of more than 40% at each location. The diversity index (H’) of coral reefs and macro invertebrates were ranged from 0.74 - 1.36 and 0.98 – 1.5, respectively. In general, the condition of coral reefs and macro invertebrates in Ujong Pancu was in good condition. Keywords: Coral reefs; Macro invertebrates; Ujong Pancu. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi terumbu karang dan makro invertebrata di Ujong Pancu. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2012. Tutupan karang diamati dengan menggunakan Metode Point Intercept Transect (PIT) dan makro invertebrata diamati dengan menggunakan metode TeknikVisual Sensus. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa lebih dari 50% tutupan karang keras pada ketiga stasiun pengamatan. Genus yang paling mendominasi pada ketiga stasiun adalah Acropora dengan persentase lebih dari 20% pada setiap stasiun pengamatan. Kelimpahan makro avertebrata berkisar antara 3,75 hingga 7,75 ind/transek. Kelimpahan makro invertebrata terbesar adalah Diadema setosum dengan persentase lebih dari 40% pada setiap stasiun pengamatan. Indeks keanekaragaman (H’) karang dan makro investebrata berkisar antara 0,74 - 1.36 dan 0,98 – 1,5 secara berurutan. Secara umum berdasarkan indeks yang digunakan, kondisi terumbu karang dan makro invertebrata di Ujong Pancu tergolong baik.Kata kunci : Terumbu Karang; Makro avertebrata; Ujong Pancu.

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New Scales to Guide the Assessment of Hard Coral Cover and Diversity in the Philippines

The Philippine Journal of Fisheries ◽

10.31398/tpjf/27.2.2020-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 121-126

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Rapid Identification ◽

The Philippines ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Hard Coral Cover ◽

Assessment Scales

Coral reefs supply vital ecosystem services to the Philippines. Safeguarding these services requires the rapid identification of reefs that provide most services, and identification is best made by measuring hard coral cover and diversity and using updated and locally relevant assessment scales on these measurements. The use of these assessment scales has advantages and is recommended to update and improve Philippine laws.

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KONDISI TERUMBU KARANG PADA KAWASAN WISATA PANTAI MALALAYANG KOTA MANADO PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE UNDERWATER PHOTO TRANSECT

JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS ◽

10.35800/jplt.9.1.2021.33575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Devidson Daud ◽

Joshian N. W. Schaduw ◽

Chatrien Luzianna Sinjal ◽

Janny D Kusen ◽

Erli Y Kaligis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Computer Software ◽

Digital Camera ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Software Technology ◽

Technological Developments ◽

Moderate Condition ◽

Hard Coral Cover

Coral reefs are coastal ecosystems with the highest level of diversity with around one million species worldwide. Corals are invertebrates belonging to the Phylum Coelenterate (hollow animals) or Cnidaria. The Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method is a method that utilizes technological developments, both digital camera technology and computer software technology. Capturing data in the field in the form of underwater photos carried out by shooting using a Canon G-16 camera equipped with a waterproof protector (housing). In this study it can be seen that the percentage of hard corals at point 1 is in the medium category, point 2 is in the medium category, and point 3 is in the bad category with the percentage of hard coral cover as follows: point 1 (one) 29.75%, point 2 (two) 31.16%, and point 3 (three) 24.26%, of the three points can represent the overall condition of the coral reefs in Malalayang Beach which is in moderate condition with a percentage of 28.39%.Keywords: Malalayang Beach, Coral Reef, UPT, CPCe

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Komposisi Spesies Ikan Karang Di Perairan Desa Bunutan, Kecamatan Abang, Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali

Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.24843/jmas.2017.v3.i01.91-98 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

I Gusti Ngurah Agung Dhananjaya ◽

I Gede Hendrawan ◽

Elok Faiqoh

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Species Composition ◽

Reef Fish ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Good Condition ◽

Breeding Grounds ◽

Target Fish ◽

Marine Site ◽

Hard Coral Cover

Bunutan village is located in the Abang Subdistrict, Karangasem Regency, Bali. Marines of Bunutan has a coral reef coverage and reef fish under the water. This study aims to determine the species composition of reef fish in marine of Bunutan. The methods used to take reef fish data is Visual Census along 50 meters transect parallel a coastline at a depth of ±5 meters. Result of this study shows thats abudance of reef fish is about 1513 individual from 68 species and 18 family all around transect. The highest abudance derived from Pomacentridae Family with a total 1055 individual from 22 species founded. The composition of species in Bunutan marine site generally in a good condition with high diversity H’ = 3,188418, uniformity is fairly stable with value E = 0,753032 and with the value of dominance C = 0,069245 or nothing of coral reef fish which dominate each other. In terms of role fish in the sea, reef fish in Bunutan marine site have major fish about 92%, target fish 2% and indicator fish 6%. When relating to the condition of coral reefs in the marines of Bunutan, hard coral cover percentage is on 48.5% to 54.5% thats indicates the condition of coral reefs on moderate to good condition. The condition of coral reefs is utilized by reef fish as a place of refuge, feeding or breeding grounds, causing the species composition of reef fish in the marine of Bunutan on relatively good.

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The change of coral cover in Ujong Pancu waters, Peukan Bada Sub-District, Aceh Besar

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/869/1/012051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 869 (1) ◽

pp. 012051

Author(s):

M Ulfah ◽

M Muliari ◽

F Azzahara ◽

N M Razi ◽

M R Fazillah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Ecological Functions ◽

Coral Genus ◽

The Earth ◽

Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽

Hard Coral Cover

Abstract Coral reef ecosystems are one of the most productive ecosystems on the earth, with large ecological functions. The disruption of coral reef ecosystems has a significant impact on the surrounding biota. This study aims to determine the condition of coral reefs for the last three years in Ujong Pancu waters, Peukan Bada sub-district, Aceh Besar district. This study uses data in 2017, 2018, and 2019 with three observation locations: Lhok Keeutapang, Lhok Mata Ie, and Tuan Island. The method used is Point Intercept Transect (PIT) with a transect length of 20 m with four repetitions. The results showed that the percentage of hard coral cover in the Ujong Pancu waters decreased from the good category (50.31%) in 2017 to moderate (47.81%) in 2019. The percentage with the highest coral cover was at the Lhok Keutapang location at 72, 81% in 2018, while the lowest coral cover at the Tuan Island location was 15.94% in 2017. The composition of the coral genus found also decreased from 12 coral genera (2017) to 9 coral genera (2019).

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Kondisi Sumberdaya Ikan & Terumbu Karang di Pulau Maratua, Kabupaten Berau, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

Jurnal Ilmiah Satya Minabahari ◽

10.53676/jism.v2i1.19 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 34-45

Author(s):

Hendrawan Syafrie

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Field Survey ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Good Condition ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Dead Coral ◽

Edge Zone ◽

Stony Coral

This research aims to obtain describe about the condition of coral reefs and fish around maratua island. Parameter measured to support this research are the percentages of coral cover, abundance of coral fishes, and composition the types of coral fihes. The data field survey was conducted in maratua waters on July 2014. Research sites consisting of 20 station surrounding this island. Result shows that average of coral reefs in reef edge zone in good condition with a coral covered (life coral) 61 % and hard coral composition is 55 % dan soft coral 6 %. The coral reefs covered (stony coral) about 62% in depth 3-6 meters consisting of : 36 % Acropora and 26% non acropora ; and 5% others fauna ; and dead coral abour 22 %. Fish who associated with coral inhabiting waters surrounding maratua island consist of ornamental fish and reef fish consumption, which many found are Pomacentridae, Labridae, Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, and Nemipteridae. Result based on field observtion was found about 33 species with diversity index (H’) average 1.57 (relatively small), Uniformity index (E) average 0.3 (depressed community), and donination Index (C) average 0.42 (low).

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ASPEK REPRODUKSI BULU BABI (Sea Urchin) DI PERAIRAN PULAU MENJANGAN KECIL, KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA, JEPARA (Aspects Reproduction of Sea Urchin in the Waters of Menjangan Kecil Island, Karimunjawa Islands, Jepara)

Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) ◽

10.14710/marj.v6i4.21349 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 564-571

Author(s):

Indrie Hapsari Puspitaningtyas ◽

Siti Rudiyanti ◽

Bambang Sulardiono

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Sea Urchin ◽

Sea Urchins ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Gonad Maturity ◽

Hard Coral Cover ◽

Two Stages ◽

Diadema Setosum

Gugusan terumbu karang yang terdapat di Kepulauan Karimunjawa termasuk ke dalam gugusan terumbu karang tepi dengan kisaran penutupan karang keras antara 6,7% - 68,9% dan indeks keragaman berkisar antara 0,43 - 0,91. Salah satu biota yang berasosiasi di ekosistem terumbu karang adalah bulu babi, yang merupakan biota filum echinodermata yang tersebar dari daerah intertidal dangkal hingga ke laut dalam. Gonad bulu babi di pasaran dikenal sebagai uni atau roe merupakan makanan populer dan salah satu komoditi utama di beberapa negara seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Chili, Rusia, Prancis, Barbados dan Jepang. Penangkapan hingga overfishing menjadi masalah utama di berbagai negara, yang akan mengakibatkan penurunan jumlah populasi bulu babi di perairan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pulau Menjangan Kecil, Karimunjawa pada bulan Mei 2017. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui aspek reproduksi bulu babi melalui nilai IKG, nilai TKG, dan Fekunditas Bulu Babi di Pulau Menjangan Kecil. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap yaitu, tahap sampling lapangan yang terdiri dari pengambilan sampel bulu babi, dengan metode acak menggunakan kuadran transek, dan pengukuran kualitas perairan. Tahap analisis laboratorium yang terdiri dari analisis Indeks Kematangan Gonad, Tingkat Kematangan Gonad, dan Fekunditas. Penelitian ini ada dua spesies yang ditemukan di lokasi sampling yaitu Diadema setosum dan Echinothrix calamaris. Hasil yang diperoleh untuk bulu babi jenis Diadema setosum nilai IKG berkisar antara 1,66% - 4,26% dan fekunditas berkisar antara 641 butir – 1.087 butir dan bulu babi jenis Echinothrix calamaris nilai IKG berkisar antara 5,32% - 7,54% dan fekunditas berkisar antara 1.159 butir – 2.192 butir, sedangkan nilai TKG kedua jenis bulu babi berada pada fase 5 (lima) yaitu tahap memijah. The coral reefs found in the Karimunjawa Islands are included in the cluster of coral reefs with hard coral cover ranges between 6.7% - 68.9% and the diversity index ranges from 0.43 to 0.91. One of the associated biota in the coral reef ecosystem is the sea urchin, which is an echinodermata physiological biota scattered from the shallow intertidal region to the deep sea. The sea urchin gonad on the market is known as uni or roe is a popular food and one of the main commodities in some countries such as USA, Canada, Chile, Russia, France, Barbados and Japan. Overfishing is a major problem in many countries, which will lead to a decrease in the number of sea urchin populations. This research was conducted in Menjangan Kecil Island, Karimunjawa in May 2017. The purpose of this research is to know the reproductive aspect of the sea urchin through IKG value, TKG value, and Fecundity of sea urchin on Menjangan Kecil Island. This research was conducted in two stages, field sampling stage consisting of sampling of sea urchins, by random method using transect quadrant, and measurement of water quality. Phase of laboratory analysis consisting of Gonad Maturity Index analysis, Gonad Maturity Level, and Fecundity. The study used only two species found at the sampling site is Diadema setosum and Echinothrix calamaris. The results obtained for Diadema setosum type IKG ranged from 1.66% - 4.26% and fecundity ranged from 641 grains - 1.087 grains and Echinothrix calamaris type IKG in the range of 5.32% - 7.54% and fecundity ranges from 1,159 grains - 2,192 grains, while the TKG value of both types of sea urchins is in phase 5 (five) or spawning phase.

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BIODIVERSITI DAN PEMULIHARAAN TERUMBU KARANG DI TIGA BUAH PULAU, MELAKA (Biodiversity and Conservation of Coral Reefs in Three Islands in Malacca)

MALIM: JURNAL PENGAJIAN UMUM ASIA TENGGARA (SEA JOURNAL OF GENERAL STUDIES) ◽

10.17576/malim-2021-2201-14 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 180-197

Author(s):

SYAIMAK ISMAIL ◽

MOHAMAD SAUPI BIN ISMAIL ◽

MUHAMMAD SAIFUL ISLAM ISMAIL ◽

AEMY AZIZ

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Biodiversity Conservation ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Good Condition ◽

Scuba Diving ◽

Field Studies ◽

The State ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Wide Range ◽

State Museum

In the state of Melaka, there are eighteen islands recorded by the Melaka State Museum Corporation (PERZIM). Part of this island serves as a tourist island, and developed islands are also uninhabited islands. However, three islands are recorded to have amazing coral reefs that are still in good condition. The Penang Batu Maung Fisheries Research Institute (AkuaTAR) has conducted a study on the biodiversity of coral reefs around the waters of Pulau Dodol, Pulau Serimbun, and Pulau Undan. AkuaTAR researchers are using scuba diving methods, and at the same time, they did conservation on coral reefs that have been identified in the waters of the Straits of Melaka. The objective of this study is to record the types of community forms such as living corals and identify the species of coral reefs found in three islands in the state of Melaka in Pulau Undan, Pulau Dodol, and Pulau Serimbun. The study also implemented method observation by conducting field studies on the islands involved by doing scuba diving. Results and discussion of the search, these three islands are located in very clean, uninhabited waters. They have a wide range of coral biodiversity using soft coral reefs and hard coral reefs. The study also found that the three islands in the state have the largest coral reefs in the waters of the Straits of Melaka. Keywords: Biodiversity; Conservation; Coral; Three island; Melaka

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STATUS TERUMBU KARANG DAN IKAN KARANG DI GILI MATRA, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

ECOTROPHIC Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) ◽

10.24843/ejes.2020.v14.i01.p02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Eghbert Elvan Ampou ◽

Suciadi Catur Nugroho ◽

Nuryani Widagti

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Reef Fishes ◽

Coral Mortality ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Mortality Index ◽

Fish Group ◽

Hard Coral Cover ◽

Reef Condition

This study aims to identify the status of reef fishes and coral reefs in Gili Meno, Air, and Trawangan or Gili Matra waters. This area is part of the North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Field observation was conducted on September 2011 at 11 (eleven) diving points. The video-transect method was used for observing the coral reef condition, while reef fishes abundance was observed by using visual-census method. The parameter that used to determine the condition of coral reef in study location are the percentage of live hard coral cover and index of coral mortality. In general, the result shows that percentage of live hard coral cover in each diving point ranged from 4.4% - 37.2% and the Coral Mortality Index (IMK) ranged form 0.40-0.92. The values describe that the condition of coral reef at eleven diving points vary from fair until poor condition. Current status of coral reef condition showed an insignificant increase from bad to moderate during the period 2011 -2018. There were 23 families of reef fishes from 46 genera were found during the study consisting of 16 genera of target fish groups, 5 genera of indicator fish group, and 25 genera of major fish group. The water quality is still within the limits of environmental quality standards. Keywords: Reef fish, coral reef, Mortality Index, water quality, Gili Matra

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Coral Reef Degradation Due to ‘Ship Grounding’ in Indonesia: Case Study of Ship Aground in Bangka-Belitung Waters by Mother Vessel MV Lyric Poet

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan ◽

10.20473/jipk.v12i2.17947 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 263

Author(s):

Idris Idris ◽

Neviaty P. Zamani ◽

Suharsono Suharsono ◽

Fakhrurrozi Fakhrurrozi

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Coral Species ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Live Coral ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Lyric Poet ◽

Ship Grounding

HighlightDamage to coral reefs by ship aground is twice the area of a football fieldFound four zones of damage including runoff, dune, blow and dispersalMortality of live coral and other benthic biota ranges from 75-100% in the affected locationThe form of damaged live coral growth is predominantly slow growing.Eight hard coral species were found on the IUCN-Redlist list with a vulnerable status.AbstractShip grounding on coral reefs often results in physical and biological damage, including dislodging and removal of corals from reefs, destruction of coral skeletons, erosion and removal of sediment deposits, and loss of three-dimensional complexity. Indonesia, as an archipelagic country, is very vulnerable to various pressures; for example, the case of ship grounding is a great concern of scientists, managers, divers, and sailors themselves. Most of the damage is very severe. The purpose of the research conducted is to identify the condition of the live coral cover, mapping the type and extent of coral reef damage, affected coral species, their conservation status, and to quantify the extent of the area of coral reef damage. Measuring the extent of damage to coral reef ecosystems using the fishbone method, while the level of damage and its impact was measured using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and belt transect method. The event of the grounding of the MV Lyric Poet on the Bangka Waters, Bangka-Belitung Province, has caused damage to the coral reef ecosystem. There are four damage zones identified, i.e., trajectory, mound, propeller, and dispersion zone. Corals are damaged with a total area of 13.540m2; equivalent to twice that of an international football field. Diversity of hard coral found as many as 49 species included in the CITES-Appendix II. A total of eight protected species are included in the IUCN Red List with extinction-prone status.

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Potensi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Untuk Pengembangan Ekowisata di Perairan Pulau Sintok Taman Nasional Karimunjawa

Journal of Marine Research ◽

10.14710/jmr.v9i4.27801 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 374-385

Author(s):

Maulana Cahya Widhiatmoko ◽

Hadi Endrawati ◽

Nur Taufiq-SPJ

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Good Condition ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Line Transect ◽

Marine Biota ◽

Suitability Index ◽

Coral Reef Ecosystems

ABSTRAK: Ekosistem terumbu karang merupakan habitat berbagai biota laut bernilai ekonomis tinggi. Ekowisata merupakan perjalanan wisata ke wilayah alami maupun buatan dengan tujuan konservasi untuk menjamin kelestarian alam dan sosial- budaya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui potensi biofisik terumbu karang untuk pengembangan ekowisata serta mengetahui analisis strategi pengembangan ekowisata terumbu karang di Pulau Sintok Karimunjawa. Pengamatan biofisik ekosistem terumbu karang dilakukan menggunakan metode LIT atau Line Transect. Data yang didapat dianalisis menggunakan indeks kesesuaian ekowisata selam dan analisis SWOT. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tutupan karang hidup di Pulau Sintok pada keempat titik pengambilan berkisar antara 30-82%. Berdasarkan analisis kesesuaian ekowisata, kawasan perairan Pulau Sintok memiliki nilai IKW (Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata) >50 – 83% dimana nilai 50% - < 80% termasuk kedalam kelas (S2) atau suitable dan nilai IKW 83% termasuk ke dalam kategori (S1) atau sangat sesuai untuk dijadikan sebagai ekowisata terumbu karang kategori selam. Analisis strategi pengelolaan kawasan pengembangan ekowisata di perairan Pulau Sintok adalah dengan : pengelolaan kawasan terumbu karang sebagai ekowisata secara optimal, perlunya upaya pencegahan kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang untuk dijadikan kawasan ekowisata, pengembangan sistem informasi serta meningkatkan sarana prasarana pengelolaan ekowisata, dan Penegakkan hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan demi penerapan pengelolaan terumbu karang secara lestari. ABSTRACT: The coral reef ecosystems are habitats for various marine biota, which have a high economic value. Coral reef ecosystems provide merits to support the marine tourism industry for foreign exchange earnings. They also provide significant employment and business opportunities. Coral reef ecosystems which have a good condition can be developed into coral reef ecotourism. Ecotourism is a tour to natural and artificial areas with the purpose of conservation to ensure the natural and socio-cultural sustainability. The purpose of this research is to find out the biophysical potential of the coral reefs for the development of ecotourism, and to perceive the analysis of the development strategy of coral reef ecotourism in Sintok Island, Karimunjawa. The biophysical observation of coral reef ecosystems is conducted with LIT or Line Transect method. The data obtained is analyzed using ecotourism suitability index and SWOT analysis. The result of this research shows that living coral cover on Sintok Island at the four taking points ranged from 30-82%. According to the analysis of ecotourism suitability, Sintok Island waters area has IKW value (Tourism Suitability Index) >50-83%. The value of 50%-<80% belongs to the class (S2) or suitable, and the IKW value of 83% belongs to the category (S1) or very suitable to be used as coral reef ecotourism category. The analysis of the management strategy of ecotourism development area in Sintok Island waters are as follows: (1) The optimal management of coral reef area as ecotourism, (2) The prevention of coral reef ecosystems from damage, (3) The development of information system, as well as the enhancement of ecotourism management infrastructure, and (4) The enforcement of laws and regulations for the sake of coral reefs’ sustainable management.

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