Diversity of echinoderms of class echinoidea and holothuroidea in waingapu old pier, east sumba regency

Echinoderms are in habitats in coastal waters because is a biota that can maintain the sustainability and the balance of the coral reef ecosystem. Human activity in utili zing Echinoderms, namely in Echinoidea and Holothuroidea can affect life his life. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of phyla Echinoderms class Echinoidea and Holothuroidea at the Harbor Waingapu Old Pier and its use as a medium Biology learning. The research method used is purposive sampling and analyzed using the approach quantitative descriptive with the Shannon diversity index formula Wiener. Echinoderm samples were calculated using the technique quadratic transects with a plot size of 2 x 2 meters are placed perpendicularly in the direction of 50 meters using a plot of 30 plot. Environmental factors measured are temperature, salinity, degrees acidity (pH) and levels of oxygen (DO). Measurements are taken at each observation station. The results showed 11 species Echinoderms are divided into 2 classes, namely Diadema setosum, Diadema savignyi, Tripneustes gratilla, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Echinocardium flavescens, Clypeaster subdepressus, and Mespilia globulus from the class Echinoidea. Holothuria atra, Holothuria scraba, Euapta godeffroyi and Chiridota rigida from the class Holothuroidea. The diversity index obtained includes medium category with a value of H = 1.696.

Biodiversity of megabenthos and coral reef condition in Tuan Island, Aceh Besar

The existence of megabenthos has an important role in maintaining sustainability of coral reef ecosystems and in the food web process. Megabenthos is also often used as an indicator of the health condition of coral reefs. The purpose of study was to analyze the biodiversity of megabenthos associated with coral reef in Tuan Island. This research was conducted in July -September, 2020. There were four research stations determined by purposes method based on four wind directions. Megabenthos data collection carried out by benthos belt transect method and coral reef data collected by using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The results were found 8 species of megabenthos target, namely spiny starfish (Acanthaster planci), blue starfish (Linckia laevigata), sea urchins (Diadema setosum), sea cucumbers (Holothuria atra), clams (Tridacna squamosa), Drupella snails (Drupella sp.), lola clams (Tronchus niloticus) and lobster (Panulirus versicolor). Totally, there were 190 individuals of megabenthos with the abundance ranged from 0.18 to 0.52 individuals/m2. Diadema setosum had the highest abundance with the value 0.9 individuals/m2 followed by Drupulella sp. (0.3 individuals/m2). The highest diversity index was station 4 followed by station 3, 2, and 1 with the value of 2.21, 0.85, 0.64, and 0.41, respectively. The diversity index was categorized as low and medium. The average of evenness and dominance indices were 0.04 and 0.62, both was medium category. The highest percentage of coral cover was at station 1 followed by station 3, 4, and 2, the coral cover value were 50.44%, 29.20%, 18.14%, and 9.29%, respectively. The correlation (r) between the percentage of coral reef cover and megabenthos abundance has a positive correlation, but the level of correlation was low (0.215 %). The density of megabenthos on Tuan Island did not have a major influence on coral reef cover where the determination value (R2) was 0.0462 which indicated that the megabenthos abundance was influenced by the percentage of coral reef cover only 4.62%.

Pemanfaatan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Eter Diadema setosum dari Pantai Kukup dan Pantai Sundak Gunungkidul sebagai Antiinflamasi

Bulu babi atau landak laut merupakan hewan laut yang tergolong dalam kelas Echinoidea. Kelompok hewan dari kelas Echinoidea mempunyai kemampuan menghasilkan metabolit sekunder yang memiliki efek farmakologis seperti antibakteri, antitumor dan kanker, antioksidan, dan antiinflamasi. Salah satu metabolit sekunder dari yang dihasilkan oleh hewan dari kelompok Echinoidea adalah Ovothiol-A yang berpotensi sebagai antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari metabolit sekunder dari Diadema setosum yang berasal dari Pantai Selatan Gunungkidul dan studi potensinya sebagai antiinflamasi. Hasil uji KLT dan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa spesies Diadema setosum sebagai salah satu anggota Echinoidea diduga mengandung senyawa Ovothiol-A pada bagian organ maupun cangkangnya. Senyawa diduga sebagai Ovothiol-A yang dihasilkan oleh D. setosum memiliki kemampuan antiinflamasi yang ditunjukkan oleh penyempitan luka pada mencit yang diberi perlakuan ekstrak bagian organ (100%) D.setosum dengan rata-rata penyempitan luka 0,44±0,256 mm/hari. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak D. setosum memiliki senyawa Ovothiol-A yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antiinflamasi. Ekstrak D. setosum bagian organ memiliki kemampuan antiinflamasi yang lebih baik.

Kepadatan Bulu Babi (Diadema setosum) Pada Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Di Karang Kering Perairan Bedukang Kabupaten Bangka

Perairan Bedukang memiliki tutupan ekosistem Terumbu Karang kering Bedukang 35,9%. Terumbu karang berfungsi sebagai tempat memijah, mencari makan, daerah asuhan bagi biota laut, dan sebagai sumber plasma nutfah. Kehadiran Diadema setosum pada ekosistem terumbu karang dapat mempengaruhi keseimbangan ekologi di ekosistem terumbu karang suatu perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan data kepadatan Diadema setosum pada ekosistem terumbu karang dan memberikan informasi keterkaitan antara kepadatan Diadema setosum dengan karakteristik habitat pada ekosistem terumbu karang di perairan Bedukang Kecamatan Riau Silip Kabupaten Bangka. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2019 di Karang Kering Perairan Bedukang. Metode Belt Transect digunakan untuk pengambilan data Diadema setosum dan Line Intercept Transect untuk pengambilan data terumbu karang. Hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai kepadatan rata-rata Diadema setosum sebanyak 3.708 ind/ha. Persentase tutupan terumbu karang di perairan Bedukang dalam keadaan baik dengan nilai 59,61%. Keterkaitan antara kepadatan Diadema setosum dengan bentuk pertumbuhan karang atau lifeform karang Acropora Branching (ACB), Acropora Digitate (ACD), Coral Submassive (CS), Turf Algae (TA), dan Other (OT).

Abundance and population characteristics of the invasive sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) in the south Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean)

Background The Indo-Pacific sea urchin Diadema setosum has invaded the Mediterranean Sea and has spread along many locations in the southeastern part of the basin, where established populations exist on the shallow subtidal rocky shore. Diadema setosum is a ubiquitous species, of particular ecological importance due to the high levels of grazing pressure it imposes on benthic communities. Its biology, however, is not adequately studied, especially along its introduced range of distribution. The present study examines the population status of D. setosum outside its native range, in the Dodecanese island complex, south Aegean Sea. Thirty-four stations located across 16 islands were surveyed by scientific SCUBA-diving (up to a depth of 10 m) in December 2019 and June-July 2020. Samplings included: (i) visual census along transects to estimate relative abundance and population density, and (ii) random collection of specimens from densely populated stations to assess biometry and reproductive condition (histological examination of gonads) of D. setosum. Results Diadema setosum was found in 21 out of the 34 surveyed stations. The species had sparse populations of well-hidden individuals in rocky crevices, but with dense localized patches in Agathonisi, Leros, Kalymnos, Pserimos, Symi, Alimia and Chalki islands. In those seven islands, mean population density was 2.5 ± 1.48 individuals m−2. Diadema setosum had denser populations in shallower depths but larger dimensions in deeper; these results suggest segregated density and size patterns along a depth gradient. The size structure, according to the size frequency distribution of the test diameter, was unimodal with a fitted mode at 4.0–4.5 and 6.5–7.0 cm in shallow and deep populations, respectively. The examined morphometric relationships followed negative allometry, as previously suggested for the species within its native range of distribution, and test diameter appeared to be a good predictor of biomass. Diadema setosum specimens had immature gonads in winter and mature in summer, suggesting a synchronous reproductive pattern. These results conform to previous data from temperate populations of the species. Conclusions Differences in local environmental conditions, e.g. hydrodynamics and habitat type, together with biotic interactions, e.g. recruitment and competition, probably shape D. setosum population in the south Aegean distributional range. The establishment of D. setosum has severe implications on benthic communities and local sea urchin populations demanding management measures to prevent the forecasted further expansion of this invasive species.