Afterword

2018 ◽  
pp. 195-196
Author(s):  
Malcolm Torry
Keyword(s):  
Policy Maker ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Family Allowances

This afterword concludes that the book has discussed the significant advantages that a Citizen's Basic Income would provide to society and to the economy. During the 1920s, family allowances in the UK were seen as an issue for ‘cranks and utopians’. In the 1930s, the country suffered from recession and rising unemployment. By 1946, every family with more than one child was receiving Family Allowances. The book argues that a Citizen's Basic Income is no longer just an issue for cranks and utopians, but an idea that every policy maker needs to address and consider for implementation. This afterword ends the book with a remark from Barbara Wootton, as quoted by Hermione Parker in her book Instead of the Dole: ‘The limits of the possible constantly shift … Again and again, I have had the satisfaction of seeing the laughable idealism of one generation evolve into the accepted common-place of the next’.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Peter Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Political Agenda ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Working Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Negative Income Tax

The 2008 financial crisis and the era of austerity that followed have pushed poverty and inequality to the top of the political agenda for the first time in a generation. One of the most striking responses has been the surge of interest in a Universal Basic Income—an idea which has circulated in British politics since at least the First World War, and has intersected with proposals for more selective and conditional forms of minimum income. This introduction examines the history of guaranteed income in modern Britain from two perspectives: an ideational story about the circulation and development of basic income, Negative Income Tax, and tax credit schemes, and a public policy story about the growth of cash transfers since the 1970s. It argues that the UK has become a ‘transfer state’ in which working-age benefits play a central role in legitimating a particular form of post-industrial liberal capitalism.

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF BASIC INCOME IN THE BRITISH POLITIAL CONTEXT

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Yuri Kvashnin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Number Of Parties

The article explores the current debate on basic income in the UK. The growing interest in this concept, which implies the introduction of unconditional and equal for all regular cash payments, is caused by problems common to Western European countries, i.e. an increase in income inequality, the risk of technological unemployment, as well as the need to take urgent measures to support the population at times of pandemic. In the British context, however, ideological and political factors play a significant role, such as a rich intellectual tradition of developing universal approaches to social security and the desire of a number of parties, both national and regional, to use this increasingly popular concept for their own political purposes. It is concluded that in the medium term, the UK's transition to basic income is unlikely, but the very discussion on its introduction can serve as a catalyst for serious social transformations.

The Great Divergence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
The Us ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
Cash Benefits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
First Time ◽  
Family Allowances

Chapter 2 looks at the “great divergence,” when logics of appropriateness were institutionalized in public policies. It shows just how similar all three countries were in the interwar period. Prior to World War II, American, British, and Canadian policymakers held similar views on when it was appropriate to provide direct cash benefits to families with children. Nascent projects for postwar reconstruction changed this in Canada and the UK as each country introduced family allowances in the mid-1940s. Children were recognized for the first time ever as deserving of direct cash benefits according to a new logic of income supplementation. The US on the other hand never introduced family allowances. The unintended result was the noninstitutionalization of the logic of income supplementation for families. The policy legacies established during this period were crucial for shaping later responses to inflation and child poverty.

Overview of recent cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union (March 2021-September 2021)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-391
Author(s):  
Pauline Melin ◽  
Susanne Sivonen
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Temporary Work ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Member States ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Public Sickness Insurance ◽  
Reserve System ◽  
Family Allowances

In O.D. and Others v INPS (C-350/20), the Court dealt with the refusal of the Italian authorities to grant childbirth and maternity allowances to third-country nationals falling within the scope of the Single Permit Directive. In CG (C-709/20), the Court considered the refusal of the UK authorities to grant social assistance to an economically inactive EU citizen resident under the UK scheme adopted in the context of Brexit. In AB v Olympiako (C-511/19), the Court found that the Greek legislation, adopted in the context of the economic crisis, placing public sector workers in a labour reserve system is not discriminatory on grounds of age. In WABE and MH Müller Handel (C-804/18 and C-341/19), the Court clarified what circumstances could justify differential treatment indirectly based on religion or belief. The Court confirmed the direct effect of the principle of equal pay for male and female workers enshrined in Article 157 TFEU for cases of work of equal value in Tesco Stores (C-624/19). In Team Power Europe (C-784/19), the Court specified under which criteria a temporary-work agency could be considered as pursuing ‘substantial activities’ in a Member State. In A (C-535/19), the Court held that a Member State cannot exclude an economically inactive EU citizen from its public sickness insurance system but does not have to grant access free of charge. In FORMAT (C-879/19), the Court confirmed that Article 14(2) of Regulation 1408/71 does not apply to a person who, under a single employment contract concluded with a single employer, works in several Member States for more than 12 months in each of those Member States. Finally, in PF (C-27/20), the Court dealt a national legislation which uses the penultimate year preceding the payment period as the reference year for the calculation of family allowances to be allocated.

Minimum Income Standards in the Basic Income debate

2020 ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
Malcolm Torry
Keyword(s):  
Basic Income ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Budget Standards ◽  
Reference Budgets

This chapter explores the concept or idea of “basic income” in relation to the growing work on reference budget standards, particularly in relation to the Minimum Income Standards (MIS) findings in the UK context. It confirms whether basic incomes should be paid to every individual at MIS levels or whether a Universal Basic Income (UBI) scheme as a whole should raise family incomes to the levels of the MIS. It also investigates what approach is both feasible and affordable to bring families and households closer to the MIS. The chapter marks new territory in the UBI debate, taking some of the first steps to join up important debates and explore issues surrounding UBI, MIS and reference budgets, both in theory and in practice. It discusses the feasibility of paying basic incomes at levels defined by the published MIS reports.

A brief summary1

2018 ◽  
pp. 193-194
Author(s):  
Malcolm Torry
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Community Activity ◽  
Individual Basis ◽  
Perverse Incentives ◽  
The Uk

This chapter summarises the main arguments for a Citizen's Basic Income. It first defines Citizen's Basic Income (sometimes called a Basic Income or a Citizen's Income) as an unconditional, automatic and nonwithdrawable regular income for each individual who is a legal resident of the UK, explaining in particular why it is unconditional, automatic and nonwithdrawable. It also gives emphasis on the fact that Citizen's Basic Incomes would be paid on an individual basis, rather than on the basis of a couple or household. Finally, it enumerates the benefits that a Citizen's Basic Income would bring, such as: promote social cohesion, reduce perverse incentives that discourage work and savings, and encourage caring and community activity. A graph shows what a Citizen's Basic Income looks like with respect to net income after tax and benefits and pre-tax income from all sources.

How did we get to where we are now?1

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
Malcolm Torry
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Comprehensive System ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Insurance Benefits ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Family Allowance

This chapter discusses the past and current state of the debate on the Citizen's Basic Income. It begins with the Poor Law of 1601 to the era of means-tested benefits. In particular, it cites William Beveridge's 1942 report which proposed a comprehensive system of National Insurance Benefits and centrally administered National Assistance. It then traces the origins of universal benefits in the UK, from Family Allowance to Child Benefit, and considers other failed proposals to reform the tax and benefits systems, including Tax Credits and attempts at a Citizen's Basic Income. It also explains why proposals such as ‘Universal Credit’ were and have been implemented, but not the proposal for a Citizen's Basic Income. Finally, it describes the National Health Service's (NHS) provision of universal, unconditional and nonwithdrawable healthcare and the global debate over the Citizen's Basic Income, and especially with respect to its feasibility and implementation.

scholarly journals Profiling Phorm: an autopoietic approach to the audience-as-commodity

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McStay
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Policy Maker ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Deep Packet Inspection ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
National Media ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Packet Inspection ◽  
The Uk

As online advertising moves to the centre-stage of advertisers’ media spend, now surpassing television and press in the UK, it is argued here that critique of advertising practice should pay more careful attention to systems of feedback-oriented production and data-based audience management and creation. This paper thus progresses and updates Dallas Smythe’s (1977) audience-as-commodity argument by examining developments in online behavioural advertising, particularly in regards to the potential for advertising facilitated by deep-packet inspection (DPI) that has caused consternation to technologically savvy consumers, privacy activists and the European Commission. Utilising the case study of Phorm that received national media attention in the UK and policy-maker attention in Europe, this paper highlights key features of DPI-based advertising, non-personally identifiable profiling and their implications for contemporary commercial autopoietic feedback relationships.

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