scholarly journals SYNTACTIC VARIATION IN WESTERN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. FROM THE NOUN PHRASE TO CLAUSE STRUCTURE

Dialectologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Western European

scholarly journals The facilitative middle in Baltic and North Slavonic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Holvoet ◽  
Anna Daugavet
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Generic Agent ◽  
Western European ◽  
Adverbial Modifiers ◽  
The Baltic

The article deals with the facilitative middle, a gram often simply referred to (especially in literature of the formal persuasion) as ‘the middle’ (e.g., The bread cuts easily). While in the Western European languages this gram is nearly exclusively generic or individual-level (kind-level) and has no explicit agent (these features are correspondingly often regarded as definitional for ‘middles’), the Baltic and Slavonic languages have constructions that arguably belong to the same gram-type but often represent stage-level predications, with a non-generic agent that is optionally expressed by an oblique noun phrase or prepositional phrase, or is contextually retrievable. The article gives an overview of the parameters of variation in the facilitative constructions of a number of Baltic and Slavonic languages (individual- or kind-level and stage-level readings, aspect, transitivity, expression of the agent, presence or absence of adverbial modifiers etc.). The semantics of the different varieties is discussed, as well as their lexical input. Attention is given to the grammaticalisation path and to what made the Balto-Slavonic type of facilitatives so markedly different from their counterparts in Western European languages.

Norns and Norms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haun Saussy
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Western European ◽  
Foreign Text

We often hear that certain words or texts are “untranslatable.” At the root of this judgment lies an exaggerated respect for the native language, which must not be altered by contact with other languages. Against this superstition, it is here argued that translation is one of the great movers of change in language, and accomplishes this precisely through the rendering of difficult and unidiomatic texts. At another level, a purported ethics of translation urges that translations should be “foreignizing” rather than domesticating: this too evidences a normative idea of the integrity of the language and culture of the foreign text. Against such defences of purity, a sense of both language and translation as inherently hybrid, and literary language in particular as macaronic, should open to examination the historical individuality of encounters that every translation records. Examples from Western European languages indicate how this hybridity is to be understood.

Address pronouns in French

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 16.1-16.17
Author(s):  
Jane Warren
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Western European ◽  
The University ◽  
Work Domain

This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne,Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address formtuis used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address formvousis used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.

A People between Languages

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Miron
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
Jewish Experience ◽  
Western European ◽  
European Jewish

The field of modern European Jewish history, as I hope to show, can be of great interest to those who deal with conceptual history in other contexts, just as much as the conceptual historical project may enrich the study of Jewish history. This article illuminates the transformation of the Jewish languages in Eastern Europe-Hebrew and Yiddish-from their complex place in traditional Jewish society to the modern and secular Jewish experience. It presents a few concrete examples for this process during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The article then deals with the adaptation of Central and Western European languages within the internal Jewish discourse in these parts of Europe and presents examples from Germany, France, and Hungary.

Kierkegaard Literature from 2005 to 2013. A Descriptive Bibliography

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Languages ◽  
Western European

AbstractThis descriptive bibliography deals with Kierkegaard literature published between 2005 and 2013, with focus on books written in Western European languages.

scholarly journals The Spanish and Portuguese Keyboards, the Best Options to Type in all Romance Languages for US-QWERTY Users

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Miguel Tébar Martínez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
European Languages ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Western European ◽  
Keyboard Layout

While adequate for English-speaking users in the United States, as well as many Commonwealth countries and other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., Canada, Australia, New Zealand or South Africa among others), typing in Romance Languages (Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian) by using a standard US-QWERTY Keyboard is not easy since it is not adapted to special characters such as accented vowels, tildes and cedillas or ligatures, used in Romance Languages. With regard to the International Layout, intended to enable access to the most common diacritics used in Western European Languages, the problem comes from the fact that accented vowels are spread throughout the Keyboard layout, and their uppercase versions need chord combinations which can require good manual dexterity. This paper will analyze how the Spanish or Portuguese Keyboards are the best options for these users since they are QWERTY-based and the most compatible ones for the different character sets in Spanish, French, Portuguese and Italian Languages.

scholarly journals Słowniki zapożyczeń świadectwem mocy języków (na przykładzie "Słownika polonizmów w języku litewskim" Rolandasa Kregždysa)

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 43-64
Author(s):  
Maciej Rak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Western European ◽  
Latin Culture

Loanword Dictionaries as Evidence of the Power of Languages (on the Example of Słownik polonizmów w języku litewskim [Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in Lithuanian] by Rolandas Kregždys)Two publications by Rolandas Kregždys – Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodyno specifikacija / Charakterystyka słownika polonizmów w języku litewskim [Specification of the Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in Lithuanian] and Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodynas / Słownik polonizmów w języku litewskim [Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in Lithuanian], both published in Vilnius in 2016 in the series Studia Etymologica Baltica – enable a closer look at Polish-Lithuanian relations through the prism of lexis. As discussed in this article, there is a clear disparity in these relations. While the Lithuanian language adopted a lot of Polonisms (maybe even about 3,000), Lithuanian borrowings in the general Polish language are a resource of at most a dozen or so words. This can be explained by the power of the Polish language. Polish loans in Lithuanian are mostly old words (extracted from documents from the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries), including those originating from Western European languages. Thanks to them, the Polish language has enabled and strengthened cultural transmission, perpetuating the position of Lithuania in the sphere of Western (Latin) culture. Słowniki zapożyczeń świadectwem mocy języków (na przykładzie Słownika polonizmów w języku litewskim Rolandasa Kregždysa)Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodyno specifikacija / Charakterystyka słownika polonizmów w języku litewskim i Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodynas / Słownik polonizmów w języku litewskim Rolandasa Kregždysa, opublikowane w Wilnie w 2016 roku, w serii Studia Etymologica Baltica, pozwalają dokładniej spojrzeć na relacje polsko-litewskie przez pryzmat leksyki. W tych relacjach widać wyraźną dysproporcję. O ile litewszczyzna przejęła z języka polskiego bardzo dużo leksemów (może nawet ok. 3 tysięcy), o tyle pożyczki litewskie w polszczyźnie ogólnej to zasób najwyżej kilkunastu wyrazów. Można to wyjaśnić mocą języka polskiego. Polonizmy w litewszczyźnie to przede wszystkim dawne wyrazy (wynotowane z dokumentów z XVI–XVIII wieku). Są w tej grupie słowa przejęte z języków zachodnioeuropejskich. Dzięki nim polszczyzna umożliwiła i wzmocniła transmisję kulturową, utrwalając pozycję Litwy w kręgu kultury zachodniej (łacińskiej).

Adjectivalization in Morphology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Sleeman
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Relation ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Mixed Case ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Western European ◽  
Complex Forms

Adjectivalization is the derivation of adjectives from a verb, a noun, an adjective, and occasionally from other parts of speech or from phrases. Cross-linguistically, adjectivalization seems to be less frequent than nominalization and verbalization. In most languages adjectivalization involves suffixation, but other adjectivalization devices, such as prefixation, reduplication or zero derivation, are also attested. Adjectivalization by means of suffixation has been studied in depth for English. As for other languages in which suffixation is used for adjectivalization, topics that have been studied for English are the types of suffixes used for adjectivalization, their productivity, their semantic contribution, the category of the base to which they attach, and their etymology. For English an etymological distinction between native suffixes and suffixes with a Romance, more specifically Latinate, origin can be made, related to their bound or non-bound character, the type of base to which they attach, and the prosody of the derived word. One of the major challenges to the idea of word-class changing derivation, in this case adjectivalization, comes from polyfunctional words. Participles may function both as verbs and as adjectives, which leads to the question how these complex forms are formally and semantically related. There are also derivational suffixes that are used for the formation of both adjectives and nouns. For these cases as well the formal and semantic relation has to be established. For several Western European languages a relation has been established, in the theoretical literature, between the polyfunctionality of adjectival/nominal suffixes and their influence on the prosody or the phonological properties of the root, due to their etymology. It seems that the dichotomy between two types of suffixes that is created in this way does not always occur and that there is also a mixed case.

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