Protecting Intellectual Property versus Making Essential Medicines Affordable: A Case of Weighing Long-Term versus Short-Term Interests?

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-373
Author(s):  
Allen Andrew Alvarez
2020 ◽  
pp. 861-881
Author(s):  
Jack Wroldsen

This chapter explains how the paradigm of proactive law as competitive advantage can help entrepreneurs succeed in crowdfunding campaigns. Business law scholars have developed theories of “proactive law” and “law as competitive advantage” to show how law can be transformed from an obstacle into a strategic business advantage. This chapter analyzes the evolving crowdfunding landscape through the lens of proactive law as competitive advantage. The chapter proposes several types of innovative securities designed to create competitive advantages in crowdfunding offerings. For example, one type would give crowdfunding investors long-term equity interests while simultaneously eliminating short-term corporate governance challenges for small crowdfunded companies. Apart from securities, the chapter also describes how a proactive approach to law can enhance crowdfunding campaigns in multiple areas, from intellectual property to tax efficiency. To conclude, the chapter suggests expanding the theory of proactive law as competitive advantage to additional areas of entrepreneurship, beyond crowdfunding.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1107-1127
Author(s):  
Jack Wroldsen

This chapter explains how the paradigm of proactive law as competitive advantage can help entrepreneurs succeed in crowdfunding campaigns. Business law scholars have developed theories of “proactive law” and “law as competitive advantage” to show how law can be transformed from an obstacle into a strategic business advantage. This chapter analyzes the evolving crowdfunding landscape through the lens of proactive law as competitive advantage. The chapter proposes several types of innovative securities designed to create competitive advantages in crowdfunding offerings. For example, one type would give crowdfunding investors long-term equity interests while simultaneously eliminating short-term corporate governance challenges for small crowdfunded companies. Apart from securities, the chapter also describes how a proactive approach to law can enhance crowdfunding campaigns in multiple areas, from intellectual property to tax efficiency. To conclude, the chapter suggests expanding the theory of proactive law as competitive advantage to additional areas of entrepreneurship, beyond crowdfunding.


Author(s):  
Jack Wroldsen

This chapter explains how the paradigm of proactive law as competitive advantage can help entrepreneurs succeed in crowdfunding campaigns. Business law scholars have developed theories of “proactive law” and “law as competitive advantage” to show how law can be transformed from an obstacle into a strategic business advantage. This chapter analyzes the evolving crowdfunding landscape through the lens of proactive law as competitive advantage. The chapter proposes several types of innovative securities designed to create competitive advantages in crowdfunding offerings. For example, one type would give crowdfunding investors long-term equity interests while simultaneously eliminating short-term corporate governance challenges for small crowdfunded companies. Apart from securities, the chapter also describes how a proactive approach to law can enhance crowdfunding campaigns in multiple areas, from intellectual property to tax efficiency. To conclude, the chapter suggests expanding the theory of proactive law as competitive advantage to additional areas of entrepreneurship, beyond crowdfunding.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Israel Rios Nequis ◽  
Miguel Angel Jaimes Valdez ◽  
Andrea López Garcia

Localización: Cortazar, Guanajuato México, ISSN Electrónico 2007-977X, No. 9 (Septiembre - Diciembre), 2018, págs. 1 - 23Idioma: EspañolTitulos paralelos:THE COMPETITIVE REASONS FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY (1993-2015): THE CASE OF THE LARGEST COMPANIESResumen:El trabajo de investigación analiza las tendencias y evolución de las partidas que explican el posicionamiento competitivo en las empresas farmacéuticas más grandes. Estas son los gastos en investigación y desarrollo (I+D+i), las ventas, sus operaciones de fusiones y adquisiciones tanto en montos como en cantidades. Los resultados de la investigación mediante un análisis longitudinal de tasas de crecimiento y correlaciones de Spearman con un enfoque comparativo, muestran que la expansión, innovación y dominancia crecieron considerablemente desde la apertura comercial y la protección de derechos en la propiedad intelectual (DPI). Bajo este esquema, las empresas grandes buscan garantizar su competitividad mediante un constante esfuerzo en los gastos de investigación y desarrollo (I+D+i) para patentar medicamentos a futuro que resulten en medicamentos patentados, así­ como protegidos legalmente (monopolio temporal) y la adquisición de empresas con DPI que resulten en el corto o inmediato plazo en medicamentos patentados. Por tanto, es así­ como se reduce la incertidumbre de la innovación en el largo plazo y la obtención de resultados en el corto plazo, porque los productos patentados son más representativos en los ingresos de las compañí­as dominantes que sus pares con menor dominancia. En este sentido, la teorí­a clásica de fusiones y adquisiciones (expansión económica) pareciera explicar parcialmente dichas operaciones en un contexto de libre comercio e internacionalización.Palabras clave: Comercio internacional, fusiones y adquisiciones, propiedad intelectual, compañí­as farmacéuticas.Abstract: The article analyzes the trends and evolution of the items that explain the competitive positioning in the biggest pharmaceutical companies. The characteristics that are capable to explain their size are expenses (investments) in research and development (R&D), sales, expenses related to mergers and acquisitions. The results of the research using a longitudinal analysis of growth rates and Spearman correlations with a comparative approach, show that expansion, innovation and dominance grew considerably from the commercial opening and the protection of intellectual property (IP). Under this scheme, larger companies look for ensure their competitiveness through a constant effort in the expenses of research and development (R&D) to achieve patents that finish in medicines that will be a protected in legal terms (monopoly) and the acquisition of companies with intellectual property rights that in short or in inmediate term give them finished products thar are protected by a patent and are ready to be launched , this is how the uncertainty of innovation in the long term is reduced and the obtaining of results in the short term, because the patented products are more representative in the income of the dominant companies than their peers with less dominance. In this sense, the classical theory of mergers and acquisitions (economic expansion) seems to partially explain said operations in a context of free trade and internationalization.Keywords: International trade, mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property, pharmaceutical companies.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.


Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607


2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Alyssa Dufour ◽  
Setareh Williams ◽  
Richard Weiss ◽  
Elizabeth Samelson

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