Divergent Paths to Drug Regulation in the United States and the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Ceccoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Regulation ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulatory Controls ◽  
The Impact

Significant differences in the availability of new medicines in the United States and the United Kingdom became apparent in the 1970s. This article examines the history of drug regulation in the two countries and argues that the divergence was the result of distinctive regulatory approaches that emerged simultaneously throughout the twentieth century. The British approach was based largely on informal, nonstatutory controls, while the American approach relied heavily on centralized regulatory controls. The article argues that the nature of business-government relations has played a significant role in the divergence. The impact of these divergent approaches is apparent in the contemporary regulatory framework, especially with respect to determining the effectiveness of new drugs.

scholarly journals Do Environmental Stringency Policies and Human Development Reduce CO2 Emissions? Evidence from G7 and BRICS Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6727
Author(s):  
Funda Hatice Sezgin ◽  
Yilmaz Bayar ◽  
Laura Herta ◽  
Marius Dan Gavriletea
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

This study explores the impact of environmental policies and human development on the CO2 emissions for the period of 1995–2015 in the Group of Seven and BRICS economies in the long run through panel cointegration and causality tests. The causality analysis revealed a bilateral causality between environmental stringency policies and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and a unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to the environmental stringency policies for Canada, China, and France. On the other hand, the analysis showed a bilateral causality between human development and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to human development in Brazil, Canada, China, and France. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis indicated that both environmental stringency policies and human development had a decreasing impact on the CO2 emissions.

Belonging

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Mary Gilmartin ◽  
Patricia Burke Wood ◽  
Cian O’Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of

This chapter discusses the issue of belonging. It first focuses on citizenship, which is often described as formal belonging. While citizenship is regularly framed as ‘natural’ and ‘common sense’, it is argued that it is never fully stable or secure. This is shown in practice through the example of the United Kingdom and Ireland, specifically, how the Brexit vote has had knock-on consequences for how citizenship and belonging is being re-imagined in both places. This is contrasted with the practice of citizenship in the United States, where, despite effusive expressions of unity, articulations of belonging have a deep history of division and exclusion. It considers both the barriers to formal belonging experienced by undocumented residents of the United States and the ways in which citizens themselves struggle to achieve inclusion and equality in the face of increasingly explicit intolerance.

scholarly journals Hasty Reduction of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures Leads to the Second Wave of Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yara Hazem ◽  
Suchitra Natarajan ◽  
Essam R. Berikaa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Wave

AbstractThe outbreak of COVID-19 has an undeniable global impact, both socially and economically. March 11th, 2020, COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic worldwide. Many governments, worldwide, have imposed strict lockdown measures to minimize the spread of COVID-19. However, these measures cannot last forever; therefore, many countries are already considering relaxing the lockdown measures. This study, quantitatively, investigated the impact of this relaxation in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, and Canada. A modified version of the SIR model is used to model the reduction in lockdown based on the already available data. The results showed an inevitable second wave of COVID-19 infection following loosening the current measures. The study tries to reveal the predicted number of infected cases for different reopening dates. Additionally, the predicted number of infected cases for different reopening dates is reported.

The impact of tax reform on investment and saving incentives in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Daly ◽  
Pierre Mercier ◽  
Thomas Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

Commercial Arrangements for Co-Generation in the UK and USA

1987 ◽  
Vol 201 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
D L Tolley ◽  
G J Fowler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in the United States and the Energy Act 1983 in the United Kingdom on the nature of the purchase tariffs for co-generators and combined heat and power (CHP) plant, and considers the reasons why the prospects for investment by private generators might be enhanced in the United States.

The Drug Lag Issue: The Debate Seen from an International Perspective

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Andersson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
West Germany ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Drug Lag

This article reviews the literature related to the “drug lag” issue, i.e., the issue of whether important new drugs are introduced relatively late, or, in certain cases, are introduced at all, in a particular country. The literature can be divided into two main parts: studies primarily related to the delay in introduction of new drugs and studies primarily related to the number of introduced new drugs. Most studies have found the United States, Sweden, and Norway to have a long delay in the introduction of new drugs. The United Kingdom and (West) Germany in general have the shortest delay. There are also large differences in the number of introduced new drugs. In most studies, the United States and Norway have introduced far fewer new drugs than any other industrialized country. In general (West) Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy have introduced the largest number of new drugs. One of the reviewed studies presented a relationship between regulatory processing time and delay in introduction. Another study found an increasing influence of regulatory stringency on the number of introduced new drugs in a country. If a country's aim is to decrease the delay in introduction and/or to increase the introduction of important new drugs, a review of the local regulatory agencies and the regulations seems worthwhile.

Guide to the sources for the history of the nations

Itinerario ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Marius Roessingh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Language Of Publication

The volumes of this series are published for the greater part by Inter Documentation Company AG, Switzerland (IDC). They are all of the same format and contain a general introduction in English, French, and, if necessary, in the language of publication. It is stated in this introduction that the volumes for Belgium, The United Kingdom and the United States will appear separately. This also holds for the Netherlands (see below: ROESSINGH and VISSER, forthcoming). Except for the United States and the United Kingdom volumes, which list documents relating to the whole continent, the guide only takes into account sources relating to Africa south of the Sahara, from Mauritania and Sudan to the Cape of Good Hope and including Madagascar and the off-shore islands (see also below: the Inventory ed. by C.Giglio).

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