An Exploration of Registered Dietitian Accreditation System Development in China

Background: To review the highlights of the registered dietitian accreditation system in China, including history, organization, regulatory policies, certification requirements, development, and performance on the certification examination, registration, and continuing education, the process for the accreditation system development was focused. The data from the certification examinations and registrations were collected and analyzed. The eligibility requirements, as well as practice pathways, were discussed. Lessons learned from the development of the registered dietitian accreditation system, opportunities, challenges, and future directions for the field were discussed. There remain needs for well-established degree programs and a professional organization’s maintenance with endeavouring in job opportunities, as well as legislative concerns.

Perceived Gambling Availability and Adolescent Gambling Behavior: the Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy

Geographic accessibility has been linked to gambling behavior, but little is known about whether the perception of gambling availability in both offline and online venues is prospectively associated with adolescent gambling behavior. Further, relatively few studies have analyzed the interaction between environmental and individual factors in explaining adolescent gambling and problem gambling. This prospective study examined the association between perceived gambling availability, gambling frequency, and problem gambling among 554 adolescents aged 13–17 years (mean = 15.1, female 47.4%) and explored the moderating role of self-efficacy to control gambling in these associations. Participants completed assessments of perceived gambling availability and gambling self-efficacy at baseline. Gambling frequency and problem gambling were measured at follow-up. Two separate hierarchical regression models were applied to analyze the relationship of perceived gambling availability with gambling behavior and the moderating role of gambling self-efficacy. Results showed that a greater perception of gambling availability was associated with a higher gambling frequency and more problem gambling in adolescents. The impact of perceived gambling availability on gambling frequency and problem gambling was lower among participants with moderate gambling self-efficacy in comparison with participants with low gambling self-efficacy. In those adolescents with high self-efficacy to control gambling, perceived gambling availability was not associated either with gambling frequency or problem gambling. These results suggest the usefulness of implementing regulatory policies aimed at reducing gambling availability in adolescents, and the design of preventative interventions aimed at enhancing self-efficacy to control gambling.

Longitudinal study of the impact of three major regulations on the Korean pharmaceutical industry in the last 30 years

Background The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated. Partly for this reason, new drugs generally take over 10 years from the product development stage to market entry. Although regulations affect the pharmaceutical industry over a long period, previous studies investigating the impact of new regulatory policies have usually focused on the short period before and after implementing that policy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine whether and how significantly regulatory policies affect long-term innovation in the pharmaceutical industry in Korea. Methods This study focused on three significant regulatory policies: the introduction of the product patent system, changes in the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) system, and the Drug Expenditure Rationalization Plan (DERP). The study used interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to investigate the long-term impacts of the policies before and after implementation. Results Our results show that introducing the product patent system in 1987 significantly increased the number of Korean patent applications. The effect of the revised GMP policies was also statistically significant, both before and after implementation and between pre-emptive companies and non-pre-emptive ones. However, due to the companies' negotiations with the regulatory authorities or the regulatory system that links drug approval and price evaluation, the DERP did not significantly delay new drug registration in Korea. Conclusion This study showed that the policies of the product patent system, GMP policies, and DERP regulations have significantly encouraged pharmaceutical companies to strive to meet regulatory requirements and promote innovation in Korea. The study suggests that it is necessary for companies to pre-emptively respond to systemic changes in development and production strategies to deal with regulatory changes and achieve sustainable growth. Also, our study results indicate that since government policies motivate the innovative system of the pharmaceutical industry, governmental authorities, when formulating pharmaceutical policies, need to consider the impact on the long-term innovation of the industry.

An Empirical Study of Platform Enterprises’ Privacy Protection Behaviors Based on fsQCA

Firms’ privacy protection strategies are affected by multiple factors. This study adopted a configurational perspective to examine how regulation policy environment, market structure, and the heterogeneity among enterprises affect their privacy protection policies. Using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis of Chinese listed platform enterprises, we found that three configuration conditions were associated with enterprises formulating a privacy policy with a high level of protection and two configuration conditions were associated with enterprises formulating a privacy policy with a low level of protection. The results showed that privacy protection laws were a necessary condition to ensure that enterprises actively exercised privacy protection. Coordinated regulation systems based on the Personal Information Protection Law and industry standards are recommended as the best practice to safeguard privacy protection in China. As lack of competition can result in two polarized privacy protection strategies, regulatory policies should emphasize the balance between data protection and encouraging necessary data sharing. Furthermore, the conjunctive effect between market structure and business models affected privacy policy formulation, which suggests that the positive effects of users’ rational choices in a competitive market should be further reinforced.

Historical Changes of Regulation and Competition in British Railway System

This article is based on the history of British railway reform, combined with related theories and policies, and explored what kind of regulatory policies should be adopted in what kind of economic environment.

Omnibus Law on Job Creation and Resilience Prospects of Indonesian Migrant Workers

The Omnibus Law on Job Creation has repealed two regulations and amended at least 80 (eighty) other laws since it was officially promulgated on November 2, 2020. Four laws are particularly affected in the labor cluster, including regulations pertaining to Migrant Workers, which have not been widely explained. The purpose of this paper is to explain the dynamics of Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMW) regulatory policy as well as several issues in the omnibus law on Job Creation. To further analyze and describe the Omnibus law's implications for IMW resilience. This research, as a policy study, makes use of secondary data in the form of statutory regulation and literature. The data were analyzed using conceptual and normative approaches, and the results were presented in a descriptive-qualitative format. According to the findings, IMW's regulatory policies included international policies emphasizing the recognition of migrant workers' rights. Meanwhile, at the national level, IMW protection policies are governed by a specific law that has evolved over time to be more accommodating to their needs. The presence of the Omnibus law, however, has changed and loosened the licensing provisions in the law for Indonesian Migrant Worker Placement Companies (P3MI), which has an impact on IMW's vulnerability. As a result, rather than being progressive, the omnibus law on Job Creation reduces the prospect of resilience for Indonesian migrant workers.

Implementation of Regulatory and Supervisory Policy Authority in the Establishment of Internal SOP Against Credit Fraud in Indonesian Banking

Banking is one of the drivers and centers of a country's economy. Based on the authority they have, it is not surprising that the risk held by banks is very high. Therefore, banking is one of the business sectors that have very strict supervision. This paper discusses how the implementation of regulatory policy authorities applicable in Indonesia related to the establishment of internal banking Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in minimizing the potential for credit fraud and how internal and external supervisory authorities can become benchmarks in supporting the creation of anti-fraud policies, especially in credit fraud. There are two main factors that can create a potential credit fraud chain that leads to financial statement fraud: first, delays in updating regulatory policies; and second, ineffective and insensitive internal and external banking supervision. In addition, there needs to be a certain regulatory policy that deals with credit fraud, whether issued by the government, Bank Indonesia, OJK or internal Banking SOP itself.

Policy barriers to sustainable construction practice in the Nigerian construction industry: an exploratory factor analysis

Purpose Sustainable construction practice is structured on regulatory and non-regulatory policies in developed and most developing countries. With the gradual uptake of sustainability concerns in the construction industry, this paper aims to identify the strategic need for clear-cut policies to improve sustainable construction practice. Previous studies have harped on the need for regulatory and industrial/organisational policies on improving sustainable construction practice within the Nigerian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was used to evaluate the perspectives of construction professionals on the policy barriers for sustainable construction practice in Nigeria, and 46 policy barriers were identified. A total of 249 questionnaires were returned and useable for analysis. Findings Factor analysis revealed four clusters in the policy barriers to sustainable construction practice in the following order of significance: implementation strategies for sustainable construction practice, owners/client inputs for sustainable construction practice, stakeholder’s policy barriers and governmental and regulatory policy barriers. Practical implications Mitigating the identified barriers through effective policies will require adequate inputs from all relevant policymaking stakeholders and ensure improved sustainable construction practice among stakeholders and policymakers in the industry. This will in turn set a high standard and promote the practice of sustainable construction. Originality/value This study goes a step further in identifying the policy issues needed to ensure a smooth implementation of sustainable construction practice. The research findings will serve as a guide for policymakers in developing countries that through mitigation of the identified barriers, sustainable construction practice will be promoted.