Correction: Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (Zea Mays)

Mechanical scarification of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatusL.) seeds resulted in increased water absorption and germination. Burcucumber germination occurred at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 C with optimum germination occurring from 20 to 30 C. Scarified burcucumber seeds were more sensitive to simulated moisture stress than were either soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams’] or corn [Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer Brand 3369A’]. Regardless of osmotic potential, intact burcucumber seeds did not germinate; scarified seeds germinated at osmotic potentials to −6 bars. Cold stratification at 4 C for 18 weeks modified seedcoat permeability so that 11% of non-scarified burcucumber seeds germinated. Increasing depth of planting decreased emergence with limited emergence occurring at depths of 15 and 16 cm in field and growth chamber studies, respectively.

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COMPARISON OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) GROWTH AND NITROGEN PARAMETERS UNDER HYDROPONIC AND FIELD CONDITIONS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps89-080 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 643-651

Author(s):

R. T. WEILAND ◽

A. M. McCLUNG

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Total N ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

A comparison of biomass and nitrogen (N) parameters from 23 maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds was conducted between hydroponic culturing during two growth chamber studies and soil in the field for two harvests during 1984. The growth chamber studies and first field harvests were sampled at a similar growth stage (approximately nine-leaf); the second field harvest was at anthesis. Shoot dry matter accumulation was greater under hydroponic than under field conditions at a similar vegetative growth stage. Significant inbred differences for shoot biomass, reduced and total N contents and reduced and total N concentrations were determined for the growth chamber and both field harvests. Correlation coefficients were low and not significant (P < 0.05) between inbred parameters in the growth chamber and in the field. In summary, traits from hydroponic plants were not predictive of those from field plants. However, N parameters and biomass of inbreds harvested in the field at a mid-vegetative stage were predictive of inbred performance at anthesis.Key words: Zea mays L., maize, biomass, nitrogen, field, hydroponic

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Factors Affecting Butylate Injury to Corn

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500036584 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 83-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

T. H. Wright ◽

C. E. Rieck

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Temperature Field ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Differential Response ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Planting Depth ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies ◽

Interaction Stress

Injury to corn (Zea maysL.) hybrids from butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) was investigated as a function of planting depth, soil pH, and temperature. Field and growth chamber studies indicated that the potential for butylate injury increased with increasing planting depth regardless of hybrid. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments suggested that as soil pH decreased butylate injury increased, depending upon the hybrid. Butylate injury was also a differential response among hybrids, depending on temperature. Certain hybrids may be injured more at higher temperatures and other hybrids more at lower temperatures. Butylate injury to corn, therefore, appears to be due to a three-way interaction, stress x hybrid X butylate.

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Atrazine and Suspension Fertilizer Compatibility

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450003215x ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 217-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Louis J. Meyer ◽

Larry S. Murphy ◽

Oliver G. Russ

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Field Studies ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Drought Conditions ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

Four field studies and two growth-chamber studies were used to evaluate the compatibility of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) in suspension fertilizer on corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 321’). Crop yields and tissue analyses were used to determine effects of atrazine on fertilizer availability. Visual and pictorial comparisons determined effects of fertilizer on atrazine phytotoxicity. Fertilizer-herbicide combinations compounded 230 days or sooner before application produced no change in atrazine phytotoxicity or fertilizer availability in growth chamber studies. Preplant-incorporated treatments displayed better fertilizer availability than preemergence treatments in the field. Preemergence treatments resulted in greater atrazine phytotoxicity under drought conditions. No problems of physical compatibility were encountered with the mixtures.

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Factors Involved in Alachlor Injury to the Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500033956 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 482-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J.N. Belote ◽

T.J. Monaco

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Plant Emergence ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

Results from greenhouse and growth chamber studies indicated that alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] injury to ‘Superior’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) was related to time of herbicide application and temperature. Injury to the ‘Superior’ cultivar was observed when alachlor was applied just before potato emergence. Necrosis of shoots near the soil surface, shoot dieback, stem swelling, leaf crinkle, and plant stunting were characteristic symptoms of alachlor injury. Cool temperatures appeared to intensify the injury. ‘Superior’ potatoes outgrew injury within 41 days after treatment. Herbicide placement studies in the growth chamber suggested that alachlor or its metabolites were absorbed by the shoots of emerging ‘Superior’ potatoes. Under growth chamber conditions the ‘Katahdin’ cultivar was injured by preemergence applications of alachlor when the herbicide was applied just before plant emergence. Injury symptoms were similar to those observed on the ‘Superior’ cultivar. ‘Pungo’ and ‘Norchip’ potatoes were tolerant to preemergence applications of the herbicide regardless of time of application.

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Control of Kochia in Sugarbeets With Benzadox

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450007764x ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 183-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. M. Weatherspoon ◽

E. E. Schweizer

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Temperature Regime ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Kochia Scoparia ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

Benzadox [(benzamidooxy)acetic acid] applied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 lb/A as a postemergence treatment controlled kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] selectively in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.). Control increased as the rate of benzadox increased, but some kochia survived at the 4-lb/A rate. Competition from these plants reduced the yields of sugarbeet roots and sucrose. Where surviving kochia plants were removed by hand 7 weeks after emergence, all sugarbeets treated with benzadox yielded as well as the hand-weeded checks. In growth chamber studies, the activity of benzadox was increased by temperature and decreased by simulated rain which occurred within 4 hr following application. Under a temperature regime of 70 F day and 40 F night, if simulated rain was delayed for 8 hr, the control of kochia was identical to that obtained where no simulated rain followed treatment. The growth chamber studies confirmed our results with the performance of benzadox under different environmental conditions in the field.

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Dicamba Volatility

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500044453 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 486-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Richard Behrens ◽

W. E. Lueschen

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Volatile Component ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Terminal Bud ◽

Anisic Acid ◽

Blotter Paper ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies ◽

Soybean Leaves

Factors influencing dicamba drift, especially vapor drift, were examined in field and growth chamber studies. In field experiments, potted soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. exposed to vapors arising from corn (Zea maysL.) foliarly treated with the sodium (Na), dimethylamine (DMA), diethanolamine (DEOA), orN-tallow-N,N1,N1-trimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane (TA) salts of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), developed dicamba injury symptoms. Dicamba volatilization from treated corn was detected with soybeans for 3 days after the application. Dicamba vapors caused symptoms on soybeans placed up to 60m downwind of the treated corn. When vapor and/or spray drift caused soybean terminal bud kill, yields were reduced. In growth chamber studies, dicamba volatility effects on soybeans could be reduced by lowering the temperature or increasing the relative humidity. Rainfall of 1mm or more on treated corn ended dicamba volatilization. The dicamba volatilization was greater from corn and soybean leaves than from velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) leaves and blotter paper. The volatilization of dicamba formulations varied in growth chamber comparisons with the acid being most volatile and the inorganic salts being the least volatile. However, under field conditions, use of less volatile formulations did not eliminate dicamba symptoms on soybeans. The volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicamba was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as free dicamba acid.

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Variation in Growth Habit and Response to Chemicals among Three Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Selections

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500040716 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 339-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert N. Andersen

Keyword(s):

Growth Habit ◽

Main Stem ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Xanthium Strumarium ◽

Leaf Necrosis ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

Burs of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) obtained from Stoneville, Mississippi; Urbana, Illinois; and Lamberton, Minnesota, were used in greenhouse and growth chamber studies. The Mississippi and the Illinois strains were both classified as being in the “strumarium” complex of X. strumarium, whereas, the Minnesota strain was classified as being in the “hybrid” complex. The Minnesota common cocklebur developed branch leaves in the leaf axils of the main stem to a much greater extent than did the Mississippi and Illinois common cocklebur. The Mississippi common cocklebur was frequently more tolerant of postemergence applications of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] than were the Illinois and Minnesota common cockebur. The Mississippi and Illinois common cocklebur developed leaf necrosis when sprayed with an insecticide formulation containing malathion (o, o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of mercaptosuccinate) and petroleum solvents; the Minnesota common cocklebur did not.

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An Oil Carrier for Increasing Purple Nutsedge Control

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500035761 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 324-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. J. Burr ◽

G. F. Warren

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Shoot Production ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.) control with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) was increased in greenhouse and growth chamber studies by application of these herbicides in an undiluted isoparaffinic oil carrier rather than water. Two applications of 2,4-D at 2.2 kg/ha in the oil carrier inhibited tuber and shoot production and reduced the number of viable tubers present, but two applications of linuron at 0.6 or 2.2 kg/ha in the oil inhibited only shoot production from repotted tubers. Studies with labeled 2,4-D showed an increase in both rate and quantity of penetration of this herbicide into purple nutsedge when applied in oil rather than water. Labeled linuron was applied to purple nutsedge and to beans(Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Improved Tendergreen’) and also showed an increase in penetration with the oil rather than water. Translocation out of treated leaves was not increased for either 2,4-D or linuron by application in the oil carrier.

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