scholarly journals Sequential determination of viral load, humoral responses and phylogenetic analysis in fatal and non-fatal cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients from Gujarat, India, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009718
Author(s):  
Rima R. Sahay ◽  
Anita M. Shete ◽  
Pragya D. Yadav ◽  
Savita Patil ◽  
Triparna Majumdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
West African ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Onset Date ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Viral Kinetics ◽  
Cytokine Analysis

Background Thirty-four CCHF cases (17 fatal; 17 survived) were confirmed from Gujarat state, India during the year 2019. We aimed to find out the viral load, antibody kinetics, cytokine profile and phylogenetic analysis between fatal and non- fatal cases. Methods Thirty four cases were included in this study. Blood and urine samples were collected from all the cases on the day of admission to hospital. Non-fatal cases were followed weekly for understanding the profile of viral kinetics, anti-CCHFV IgM and IgG antibodies. We also quantified the cytokines in both fatal and non-fatal cases. For epidemiological correlation, livestock were screened for anti-CCHF IgG antibodies and the tick pool specimens were tested by real time RT-PCR. Virus isolation was attempted on tick pools and human specimens and phylogenetic analysis performed on human and ticks complete genome sequences. Results CCHF cases were detected throughout year in 2019 with the peak in August. Out of 34 cases, eight secondary CCHF cases were reported. Cases were predominantly detected in males and in 19–45 years age group (55.88%). The persistence of viremia was observed till 76th POD (post onset date) in one case whereas anti-CCHFV IgM and IgG was detected amongst these cases from the 2nd and 20th POD respectively. Positivity observed amongst livestock and tick pools were was 21.57% and 7.4% respectively. The cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase in the level of serum IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ during the acute phase of the infection, but interestingly IL-10 lowered to normal upon clearance of the virus in the clinically recovered case. Fatal cases had high viral RNA copy numbers. Bleeding from one or two mucosal sites was significantly associated with fatality (OR-16.47;p-0.0034 at 95% CI). We could do CCHF virus isolation from two cases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed circulation of re-assortment of Asian-West African genotypes in humans and ticks. Conclusions The persistence of CCHF viral RNA was detected till 76th POD in one of the survivors. The circulation of a re-assortment Asian-West African genotype in a CCHF case is also reported first time from India.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in American Singer Canaries: An Experimental Model in a Highly Susceptible Avian Species

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik K. Hofmeister ◽  
Melissa Lund ◽  
Valerie Shearn Bochsler
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study investigated the susceptibility of American singer canaries ( Serinus canaria) to West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Adult canaries were inoculated with 105, 102, and 101 plaque forming units (PFU) of WNV. All birds became infected and mortality occurred by 5 days postinoculation. The load of viral RNA as determined by RT-qPCR was dose dependent, and was higher at all doses than the level of viral RNA detected in American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos) challenged with 105 PFU of WNV. In a subset of birds, viremia was detected by virus isolation; canaries inoculated with 101 PFU of WNV developed viremia exceeding 1010 PFU/mL serum, a log higher than American crows inoculated with 105 PFU of virus. In canaries euthanized at 3 days postinoculation, WNV was isolated at >107 PFU of virus/100 mg of lung, liver, heart, spleen, and kidney tissues. Pallor of the liver and splenomegaly were the most common macroscopic observations and histologic lesions were most severe in liver, spleen, and kidney, particularly in canaries challenged with 102 and 101 PFU. Immunoreactivity to WNV was pronounced in the liver and spleen. IgG antibodies to WNV were detected in serum by enzyme immunoassay in 11 of 21 (52%) challenged canaries and, in 4 of 5 (20%) of these sera, neutralization antibodies were detected at a titer ≥ 1:20. American singer canaries provide a useful model as this bird species is highly susceptible to WNV infection.

scholarly journals Viral Dynamics and Real-Time RT-PCR Ct Values Correlation with Disease Severity in COVID-19

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Ali A. Rabaan ◽  
Raghavendra Tirupathi ◽  
Anupam A Sule ◽  
Jehad Aldali ◽  
Abbas Al Mutair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Kinetics ◽  
Ct Value

Real-time RT-PCR is considered the gold standard confirmatory test for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, many scientists disagree, and it is essential to understand that several factors and variables can cause a false-negative test. In this context, cycle threshold (Ct) values are being utilized to diagnose or predict SARS-CoV-2 infection. This practice has a significant clinical utility as Ct values can be correlated with the viral load. In addition, Ct values have a strong correlation with multiple haematological and biochemical markers. However, it is essential to consider that Ct values might be affected by pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytical variables such as collection technique, specimen type, sampling time, viral kinetics, transport and storage conditions, nucleic acid extraction, viral RNA load, primer designing, real-time PCR efficiency, and Ct value determination method. Therefore, understanding the interpretation of Ct values and other influential factors could play a crucial role in interpreting viral load and disease severity. In several clinical studies consisting of small or large sample sizes, several discrepancies exist regarding a significant positive correlation between the Ct value and disease severity in COVID-19. In this context, a revised review of the literature has been conducted to fill the knowledge gaps regarding the correlations between Ct values and severity/fatality rates of patients with COVID-19. Various databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to April 2021 by using keywords including “RT-PCR or viral load”, “SARS-CoV-2 and RT-PCR”, “Ct value and viral load”, “Ct value or COVID-19”. Research articles were extracted and selected independently by the authors and included in the present review based on their relevance to the study. The current narrative review explores the correlation of Ct values with mortality, disease progression, severity, and infectivity. We also discuss the factors that can affect these values, such as collection technique, type of swab, sampling method, etc.

scholarly journals Lassa Virus Circulation in Small Mammal Populations in Bo District, Sierra Leone

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Umaru Bangura ◽  
Jacob Buanie ◽  
Joyce Lamin ◽  
Christopher Davis ◽  
Gédéon Ngiala Bongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Sierra Leonean ◽  
Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Lineage Iv

Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus LASV, which was first isolated in the rodent Mastomys natalensis in 1974 in Kenema, Sierra Leone. As little is known about the abundance and the presence of LASV in rodents living in the Bo area, we carried out a small mammal longitudinal population survey. A standardized trapping session was performed in various habitats and seasons in six villages over two years (2014–2016) and samples collected were tested for arenavirus IgG and LASV. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed on sequences identified by PCR. A total of 1490 small mammals were collected, and 16 rodent species were identified, with M. natalensis (355, 24%) found to be the most prevalent species. Forty-one (2.8%) samples were IgG positive, and 31 of these were trapped in homes and 10 in surrounding vegetation. Twenty-nine of 41 seropositive rodents were M. natalensis. We detected four LASV by PCR in two villages, all found in M. natalensis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences were distributed within the Sierra Leonean clade within lineage IV, distinguishing a Bo sub-clade older than a Kenema sub-clade. Compared to other settings, we found a low abundance of M. natalensis and a low circulation of LASV in rodents in villages around Bo district.

scholarly journals Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA in Nasopharyngeal Swabs after Death: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
Francesca Servadei ◽  
Silvestro Mauriello ◽  
Manuel Scimeca ◽  
Bartolo Caggiano ◽  
Marco Ciotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Clinical Documentation ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Time Points

The aim of this study was to investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in post-mortem swabs of subjects who died from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The presence of the virus was evaluated post-mortem from airways of 27 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients at three different time points (T1 2 h; T2 12 h; T3 24 h) by real-time PCR. Detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was performed by Maglumi 2019-nCoV IgM/IgG chemiluminescence assay. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was still detectable in 70.3% of cases within 2 h after death and in 66,6% of cases up to 24 h after death. Our data showed an increase of the viral load in 78,6% of positive individuals 24 h post-mortem (T3) in comparison to that evaluated 2 h after death (T1). Noteworthy, we detected a positive T3 post-mortem swab (24 h after death) from 4 subjects who were negative at T1 (2 h after death). The results of our study may have an important value in the management of deceased subjects not only with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, but also for unspecified causes and in the absence of clinical documentation or medical assistance.

scholarly journals Fiber-Optic Immunosensor for Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever IgG Antibodies in Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (16) ◽  
pp. 8394-8398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fairoz Algaar ◽  
Evgeni Eltzov ◽  
Marina M. Vdovenko ◽  
Ivan Yu. Sakharov ◽  
Luka Fajs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

scholarly journals Viral Load as Predictor of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Outcome

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1769-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Duh ◽  
Ana Saksida ◽  
Miroslav Petrovec ◽  
Salih Ahmeti ◽  
Iusuf Dedushaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Equine influenza outbreak in India (2008–09): Virus isolation, sero-epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene

2010 ◽  
Vol 143 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 224-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Virmani ◽  
B.C. Bera ◽  
B.K. Singh ◽  
K. Shanmugasundaram ◽  
B.R. Gulati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Outbreak ◽  
Ha Gene

scholarly journals Equine-Origin Immunoglobulin Fragments Protect Nonhuman Primates from Ebola Virus Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hualei Wang ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Wenjun Zhu ◽  
Shihua He ◽  
Yongkun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
West African ◽  
Clinical Testing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over 40 Years

ABSTRACT Ebola virus (EBOV) infections result in aggressive hemorrhagic fever in humans, with fatality rates reaching 90% and with no licensed specific therapeutics to treat ill patients. Advances over the past 5 years have firmly established monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based products as the most promising therapeutics for treating EBOV infections, but production is costly and quantities are limited; therefore, MAbs are not the best candidates for mass use in the case of an epidemic. To address this need, we generated EBOV-specific polyclonal F(ab′)2 fragments from horses hyperimmunized with an EBOV vaccine. The F(ab′)2 was found to potently neutralize West African and Central African EBOV in vitro. Treatment of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with seven doses of 100 mg/kg F(ab′)2 beginning 3 or 5 days postinfection (dpi) resulted in a 100% survival rate. Notably, NHPs for which treatment was initiated at 5 dpi were already highly viremic, with observable signs of EBOV disease, which demonstrated that F(ab′)2 was still effective as a therapeutic agent even in symptomatic subjects. These results show that F(ab′)2 should be advanced for clinical testing in preparation for future EBOV outbreaks and epidemics. IMPORTANCE EBOV is one of the deadliest viruses to humans. It has been over 40 years since EBOV was first reported, but no cure is available. Research breakthroughs over the past 5 years have shown that MAbs constitute an effective therapy for EBOV infections. However, MAbs are expensive and difficult to produce in large amounts and therefore may only play a limited role during an epidemic. A cheaper alternative is required, especially since EBOV is endemic in several third world countries with limited medical resources. Here, we used a standard protocol to produce large amounts of antiserum F(ab′)2 fragments from horses vaccinated with an EBOV vaccine, and we tested the protectiveness in monkeys. We showed that F(ab′)2 was effective in 100% of monkeys even after the animals were visibly ill with EBOV disease. Thus, F(ab′)2 could be a very good option for large-scale treatments of patients and should be advanced to clinical testing.

Molecular characterization of small and medium segments of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Murat Karamese ◽  
Erkan Ozmen ◽  
Hakan Aydin ◽  
Mehmet Ozkan Timurkan ◽  
Mesud Fakirullahoglu
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Relationship Of

Aim: The objective was to investigate the genotypic relationship of S and M segments in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) by phylogenetic analysis in 25 patients from seven endemic cities in Turkey. Materials & methods: A total of 25 samples from patients with CCHF were included between 2012 and 2015. Phylogenetic tree analyses were inferred using MEGA version-6.0 and distances were calculated by Kimura’s 2-parameter. Results: Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolated viruses (n = 25) were in the predicted clades such as clade V- Europe-1 regarding both S and M segments of the CCHFV. Conclusion: Further epidemiological, molecular and phylogenic studies should be performed in both reservoir animals/vectors and humans to determine the incidence of tick-borne infectious disease and to help to develop vaccines for prevention of the disease.

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