scholarly journals Lateral flow devices for samples collected by straw sampling method for postmortem canine rabies diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0009891
Author(s):  
Milagros R. Mananggit ◽  
Daria L. Manalo ◽  
Nobuo Saito ◽  
Kazunori Kimitsuki ◽  
Alyssa Marie G. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Simple Sampling ◽  
Flow Devices ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

The direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) using brain sample after opening the skull is the standard rabies diagnostic test in animal rabies. However, it is not feasible in many resource-limited settings. Lateral flow devices (LFD) combined with a simple sampling methodology is quicker, simpler, and less hazardous than the standard test and can be a useful tool. We conducted a prospective on-site study to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the LFD with the straw sampling method compared with that of the dFAT with the skull opening procedure for post-mortem canine rabies diagnosis. We collected 97 rabies-suspected animals between December 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021. Among the 97 samples, 53 and 50 cases were positive tests for dFAT and LFD, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LFD with straw sampling method were 94.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.3–98.8%) and 100% (95% CI, 92.0–100%), respectively. The performance of LFD by the straw sampling method showed relatively high sensitivity and 100% specificity compared with that of dFAT performed on samples collected after opening the skull. This methodology can be beneficial and is a strong tool to overcome limited animal surveillance in remote areas. However, because of our limited sample size, more data using fresh samples on-site and the optimizations are urgently needed for the further implementation in endemic areas.

scholarly journals Background and descriptive features of rabies-suspected animals in Central Luzon, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milagros R. Mananggit ◽  
Kazunori Kimitsuki ◽  
Nobuo Saito ◽  
Alyssa Marie G. Garcia ◽  
Patricia Mae T. Lacanilao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

Abstract Background The Philippines is one of the major endemic countries for canine rabies in Southeast Asia. However, detailed description and analysis of laboratory-confirmed animal rabies are limited. Highly accurate surveillance requires a thorough understanding of the target area-specific problems and obstacles. Therefore, we aim to describe and analyze the rabies suspect animals in Central Luzon, Philippines, to clarify the characteristics of management and clinical signs by conducting interviews with the owners. Methods We prospectively collected information on the rabies suspect animals submitted to the Regional animal laboratory in Central Luzon through passive laboratory-based rabies surveillance between 1st April 2019 and 30th September 2020. We performed active interviews directly or telephonically with the owner. The direct fluorescent antibody test was performed on the hippocampus, brain stem, and cerebellum for laboratory confirmation. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the number of rabies cases according to management methods and characteristics of suspected animals during the observation period. Clinical symptoms of suspected rabid animals were analyzed by univariate logistic regression analysis. Results There were 292 sample submissions during the study period. Of these, 160 were positive for dFAT. Samples of pet animals (85.3%) provided by owners or their acquaintances (59.2%) accounted for the majority of laboratory confirmed cases. Case mapping showed that more rabies-suspected cases were sent from areas near the regional laboratory than from those far from the laboratory, despite the incidence of rabies being high in these areas. The management and clinical symptoms of 227 animal cases showed that most owners were managing their animals at home and were allowing them to roam outside (69.6%) and be unvaccinated (78.9%). Rabid animals were more likely to manifest aimless running, restlessness, and agitation. Conclusions Our study provided some features of animals with laboratory-confirmed rabies in Central Luzon. However, most of the samples were submitted from areas near the rabies diagnosis laboratory, and the number of samples submitted from remote areas was low. To improve the surveillance capacity, it is necessary to increase sample submissions from remote areas.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Interference Filter for Use in Rabies Diagnosis by the Fluorescent Antibody Test

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-430
Author(s):  
Vester J. Lewis ◽  
W. Lanier Thacker ◽  
Helen M. Engelman
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

A comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia G. Whitfield ◽  
Makonnen Fekadu ◽  
John H. Shaddock ◽  
Michael Niezgoda ◽  
Cynthia K. Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Tissue Specimens ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis ◽  
Formalin Fixed

scholarly journals Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of lateral flow devices as a tool to diagnose rabies in post-mortem animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e0008844
Author(s):  
Kazunori Kimitsuki ◽  
Nobuo Saito ◽  
Kentaro Yamada ◽  
Chun-Ho Park ◽  
Satoshi Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Efficient Detection ◽  
Flow Devices

Implementation of lateral flow devices (LFDs) for rabies antigen detection is expected to improve surveillance through the efficient detection of rabid animals in resource-limited settings; however, the use of LFDs for diagnosis remains controversial because some commercially available kits show low sensitivity. Therefore, we compared the diagnostic efficacy of three LFDs (ADTEC, Bionote, and Elabscience kits) paralleled with the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) using fresh samples and investigated the diagnostic accuracies. To do so, we evaluated rabies-suspected samples submitted to the Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory III, Philippines. Furthermore, we conducted real-time RT-PCR and sequencing to measure the accuracy of field laboratory diagnosis. The total number of animals submitted during this study period was 184 cases, including negative control samples. Of these, 53.9% (84 cases) were positive in the dFAT. Dogs were the most common rabies-suspected animal (n = 135). The sensitivities of the ADTEC and Bionote kits were 0.88 (74 cases) and 0.95 (80 cases), respectively. The specificity of both kits was 1.00 (100 cases). Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of the ADTEC kit after directly homogenizing the samples in assay buffer without dilution in phosphate-buffered saline (ADTEC kit DM) were 0.94 (79 cases) and 1.00 (100 cases), respectively. By contrast, there were no positive results using the Elabscience kit among all dFAT-positive samples. The sensitivity and specificity of LFDs make these tests highly feasible if properly used. Therefore, LFD tests can be used to strengthen the surveillance of rabies-infected animals in endemic and resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay and Rapid Immuno-Diagnostic Test for Rabies Antigen Detection in Archived Dog Brain Tissues

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
G. R. Okoh ◽  
H. M. Kazeem ◽  
G. S. N. Kia ◽  
S. Mailafia
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Antigen Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Dog Brain ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis ◽  
Brain Tissues

Abstract Rabies urgently requires strengthening of new and existing diagnostic methodology in order to overcome the threat it poses. We evaluated the Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Rapid Immunodiagnostic Test (RIDT) in detecting rabies viral antigens, comparing both tests with the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) which is the gold standard in rabies diagnosis. Fifty dog brain tissues collected from the archives of the Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria, were utilized for this study. ELISA performed better than RIDT and recorded equivalent result with DFAT as compared with RIDT. There was a 96 % agreement between ELISA and DFAT for rabies antigen detection (concordance coefficient 78 % : 95 % C. I. 0.6366 to 0.8654) while there was a 54 % agreement between RIDT and DFAT (concordance coefficient 17 % : 95 % C. I. 0.05138—0.2752). Compared to DFAT, the sensitivities of ELISA and RIDT were 95.5 % and 47.6 %, respectively, and the specificities of ELISA and RIDT were 100 % and 87.5 % respectively. The simple Cohen’s kappa coefficient for ELISA related to the DFAT was found to be 0.834 (95 % C. I. 0.613—1.0). For RIDT, the Kappa value was 0.170 (95 % C. I. 0.003—0.337). The ELISA is as reliable a diagnostic method as the DFAT which is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis. It has an advantage of being able to analyse large number of samples at the same time, making it more suitable for epidemiological studies and for laboratories that cannot perform the DFAT. The unsatisfactory result of RIDT in this study reiterates the need to perform an adequate test validation before it can be used in the laboratory for rabies diagnosis.

scholarly journals Multicenter Evaluation of the AMPLICOR and Automated COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG Tests for Detection ofChlamydia trachomatis

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1105-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Van Der Pol ◽  
Thomas C. Quinn ◽  
Charlotte A. Gaydos ◽  
Kimberly Crotchfelt ◽  
Julius Schachter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Male Urine ◽  
Female Urine ◽  
Urine Specimens

The fully automated COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG and semiautomated AMPLICOR CT/NG tests were evaluated in a multicenter trial for the ability to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Test performance compared to that of culture was evaluated for 2,236 matched endocervical swab and urine specimens obtained from women and for 1,940 matched urethral swab and urine specimens obtained from men. Culture-negative, PCR-positive specimens that tested positive in a direct fluorescent-antibody test or in a confirmatory PCR test for an alternative target sequence were resolved as true positives. The overall prevalences of chlamydia were 2.4% in women and 7.2% in men. The COBAS AMPLICOR and AMPLICOR formats yielded concordant results for 98.1% of the specimens. With the infected patient as the reference standard, the resolved sensitivities of COBAS AMPLICOR were 89.7% for endocervical swab specimens, 89.2% for female urine specimens, 88.6% for male urethral swab specimens, and 90.3% for male urine specimens. When results were analyzed as if only a single test had been performed on a single specimen type, the resolved sensitivity was always higher. The resolved specificities of PCR were 99.4% for endocervical swab specimens, 99.0% for female urine specimens, 98.7% for male urethral swab specimens, and 98.4% for male urine specimens. The internal control revealed that 2.4% of the specimens were inhibitory when initially tested. Nevertheless, valid results were obtained for 98.6% of the specimens because 59.1% of the inhibitory specimens were not inhibitory when a second aliquot was tested. The COBAS AMPLICOR and AMPLICOR CT/NG tests for C. trachomatis exhibited equally high sensitivity and specificity with both urogenital swab and urine specimens and thus are well suited for screening for C. trachomatis infection.

scholarly journals Comparison of a Clinic-Based ELISA Test Kit with the Immunofluorescence Antibody Test for AssayingLeishmania infantumAntibodies in Dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Proverbio ◽  
Eva Spada ◽  
Luciana Baggiani ◽  
Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi ◽  
Roberta Perego
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curve ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Test Kit

This study compares a rapid Immunospecific Kalazar Canine Rapid Spot IF with the gold standard test (indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT)) for detection ofLeishmania infantumspecific IgG serum antibodies in naturally exposed dogs. Serum samples were obtained from 89 healthy dogs and dogs affected by canine leishmaniosis (CanL). IgG-IFAT titers ≥80 were considered positive. Anti-L. infantumIgG antibodies were found in 54 samples with titers ranging from 1 : 80 to 1 : 5120. The performance of the rapid Immunospecific Kalazar was evaluated using a ROC curve. The area under the ROC curve of 0.957 was significantly different from 0.5 (), and therefore it can be concluded that the rapid Immunospecific Kalazar has the ability to distinguish canine sera with and withoutL. infantumIgG. The best performance of the test was at a cutoff >0 (sensitivity 92.6%, specificity 97%). The test can be used for disease screening if the cutoff is >0 (highest sensitivity, 92.6%) and is recommended as confirmatory test for the presence ofL. infantumIgG antibodies if the cutoff is set >2 (highest specificity, 100%).

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