scholarly journals Background and descriptive features of rabies-suspected animals in Central Luzon, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milagros R. Mananggit ◽  
Kazunori Kimitsuki ◽  
Nobuo Saito ◽  
Alyssa Marie G. Garcia ◽  
Patricia Mae T. Lacanilao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

Abstract Background The Philippines is one of the major endemic countries for canine rabies in Southeast Asia. However, detailed description and analysis of laboratory-confirmed animal rabies are limited. Highly accurate surveillance requires a thorough understanding of the target area-specific problems and obstacles. Therefore, we aim to describe and analyze the rabies suspect animals in Central Luzon, Philippines, to clarify the characteristics of management and clinical signs by conducting interviews with the owners. Methods We prospectively collected information on the rabies suspect animals submitted to the Regional animal laboratory in Central Luzon through passive laboratory-based rabies surveillance between 1st April 2019 and 30th September 2020. We performed active interviews directly or telephonically with the owner. The direct fluorescent antibody test was performed on the hippocampus, brain stem, and cerebellum for laboratory confirmation. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the number of rabies cases according to management methods and characteristics of suspected animals during the observation period. Clinical symptoms of suspected rabid animals were analyzed by univariate logistic regression analysis. Results There were 292 sample submissions during the study period. Of these, 160 were positive for dFAT. Samples of pet animals (85.3%) provided by owners or their acquaintances (59.2%) accounted for the majority of laboratory confirmed cases. Case mapping showed that more rabies-suspected cases were sent from areas near the regional laboratory than from those far from the laboratory, despite the incidence of rabies being high in these areas. The management and clinical symptoms of 227 animal cases showed that most owners were managing their animals at home and were allowing them to roam outside (69.6%) and be unvaccinated (78.9%). Rabid animals were more likely to manifest aimless running, restlessness, and agitation. Conclusions Our study provided some features of animals with laboratory-confirmed rabies in Central Luzon. However, most of the samples were submitted from areas near the rabies diagnosis laboratory, and the number of samples submitted from remote areas was low. To improve the surveillance capacity, it is necessary to increase sample submissions from remote areas.

scholarly journals Lateral flow devices for samples collected by straw sampling method for postmortem canine rabies diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0009891
Author(s):  
Milagros R. Mananggit ◽  
Daria L. Manalo ◽  
Nobuo Saito ◽  
Kazunori Kimitsuki ◽  
Alyssa Marie G. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Simple Sampling ◽  
Flow Devices ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

The direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) using brain sample after opening the skull is the standard rabies diagnostic test in animal rabies. However, it is not feasible in many resource-limited settings. Lateral flow devices (LFD) combined with a simple sampling methodology is quicker, simpler, and less hazardous than the standard test and can be a useful tool. We conducted a prospective on-site study to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the LFD with the straw sampling method compared with that of the dFAT with the skull opening procedure for post-mortem canine rabies diagnosis. We collected 97 rabies-suspected animals between December 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021. Among the 97 samples, 53 and 50 cases were positive tests for dFAT and LFD, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LFD with straw sampling method were 94.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.3–98.8%) and 100% (95% CI, 92.0–100%), respectively. The performance of LFD by the straw sampling method showed relatively high sensitivity and 100% specificity compared with that of dFAT performed on samples collected after opening the skull. This methodology can be beneficial and is a strong tool to overcome limited animal surveillance in remote areas. However, because of our limited sample size, more data using fresh samples on-site and the optimizations are urgently needed for the further implementation in endemic areas.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the fluorescent gonococcal test-heated

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-428
Author(s):  
H A Gaafar
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Culture History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

In a 1-year evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for gonorrhea, 16,127 specimens from low-and high-risk groups were examined, and the results were compared with culture, history of exposure to a known patient, and clinical signs and symptoms. The results confirmed the usefulness of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for gonorrhea as a screening procedure, especially for women in the low-risk group. The test is more economic and probably more sensitive than culture for mass screening of asymptomatic women.

scholarly journals Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Captive American Bison (Bison Bison) in Italy

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Campolo ◽  
Maria Stella Lucente ◽  
Viviana Mari ◽  
Gabriella Elia ◽  
Antonella Tinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Acute Form

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal, systemic disease of cattle and other domestic and wild ruminants that, in Europe, is caused by Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). American bison ( Bison bison) are highly susceptible to the disease. An adult American bison, housed in a zoo in southern Italy in close cohabitation with a group of domestic sheep ( Ovis aries aries) displayed clinical signs that resembled the acute form of MCF. By real-time polymerase chain reaction, OvHV-2 DNA was detected intravitam in blood, in nasal and ocular swabs, and postmortem in tissue samples of the bison. By indirect fluorescent antibody test, high MCF antibody titers were found in the bison serum. Ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA and antibodies were also found in blood samples from the domestic sheep, thus suggesting a potential role of these animals as a source of the infection. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first MCF case in captive ruminants in Italy and the second confirmed case in captive bison of European zoos.

scholarly journals Canine Distemper Virus Antigen Detection in External Epithelia of Recently Vaccinated, Sick Dogs by Fluorescence Microscopy Is a Valuable Prognostic Indicator: TABLE 1

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 687-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kapil ◽  
Tina Neel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Clinical Recovery

Currently, there are no reliable predictors of the clinical outcomes of domesticated dogs that have been recently vaccinated against canine distemper virus (CDV) and develop respiratory disease. In this study, vaccinated dogs from Oklahoma City that were showing clinical signs of respiratory disease were evaluated for CDV antigen using a direct fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Clinical outcomes after standard symptomatic therapy for respiratory disease were recorded, and a statistical analysis of the results was performed. We present our study showing that CDV FAT results were predictive of clinical recovery (prognostic indicator, prospects of clinical recovery) among vaccinated dogs showing clinical signs of respiratory disease. Negative CDV FAT results equated to 80% chances of recovery after symptomatic therapy, compared to 55% chances of recovery when the CDV FAT results were positive. Based on the results of this study, we show that veterinarians can make better informed decisions about the clinical outcomes of suspected CDV cases, with 2-h turnaround times, by using the CDV FAT. Thus, antemortem examination with the CDV FAT on external epithelia of recently vaccinated, sick dogs is a clinically useful diagnostic test and valuable prognostic indicator for veterinarians. Application of the CDV FAT to these samples avoids unnecessary euthanasia of dogs with suspected CDV.

scholarly journals Diagnostic features in 10 naturally occurring cases of acute fatal canine leptospirosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Rissi ◽  
Cathy A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Cell Necrosis ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Multiple Organs

The current report describes the diagnostic features in 10 cases of acute fatal canine leptospirosis with minimal renal and hepatic changes that may present a diagnostic challenge for the pathologist. Most affected dogs were less than 6 months of age and had a biochemical profile consistent with hepatorenal dysfunction. Clinical signs consisted of vomiting, depression, icterus, dehydration, diarrhea, and anorexia. All dogs died or were humanely euthanized within 3–7 days after the onset of clinical disease. Necropsy findings included pulmonary edema with hemorrhages, icterus, renal and hepatic pallor and swelling, and gastric edema with hemorrhage. Despite severe azotemia, histological changes in the kidneys were subtle in all dogs, and included mild renal tubular simplification, with single-cell necrosis and attenuation, along with minimal interstitial lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, edema, and hemorrhage. Hepatic lesions included scattered hepatocellular single-cell necrosis and hepatocellular dissociation. Prominent extrarenal lesions typically associated with uremia including vascular fibrinoid necrosis in multiple organs, pulmonary mineralization with occasional fibrinosuppurative exudation, and gastric mineralization were also present. Postmortem diagnostic confirmation was based on the detection of leptospiral antigen on fresh renal samples by fluorescent antibody test and on the demonstration of intact spirochetes in sections of kidneys using immunohistochemical staining. Acute fatal canine leptospirosis occurred as a fulminant hepatorenal disease affecting mainly young dogs, and the diagnosis was dependent on the recognition of the subtle renal changes with confirmation via fluorescent antibody testing or immunohistochemical staining.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Interference Filter for Use in Rabies Diagnosis by the Fluorescent Antibody Test

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-430
Author(s):  
Vester J. Lewis ◽  
W. Lanier Thacker ◽  
Helen M. Engelman
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

scholarly journals LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL SIGNS OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN DOGS EXAMINED AT THE CENTER FOR ZOONOSIS CONTROL IN CAMPO GRANDE – MS, BRAZIL

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Casquero Cunha ◽  
Renato Andreotti ◽  
Elaine Silva ◽  
Elisângela Pereira ◽  
Tayra Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mato Grosso

Visceral leishmaniasis is a type of zoonosis caused by several Leishmania species endemic to tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean climate regions. Dogs are the primary source of infection in urban areas and can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. This study focused on the observation of clinical signs of leishmaniasis in dogs in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Samples from affected animals were analyzed using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to determine the optimal diagnostic tool for use on animals that present clinical symptoms. A predominance of clinical symptoms affecting the integumentary system was observed, and splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were the most important pathological signs. Among the diagnostic tests, the greatest agreement was seen between ELISA and IFA, followed by ELISA and PCR, and finally IFA and PCR. PCR diagnostic results showed the greatest extent of correlation with clinical signs, followed by ELISA and then IFA. When choosing a diagnostic method, veterinarians should consider the clinical signs and health status of the patient.

Recurrent, nonobstructive, idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease: an illustrative case report

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Kruger ◽  
CA Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Herpesvirus 4 ◽  
Lower Urinary

A three-year-old, spayed female domestic shorthair was evaluated because of recurrent hematuria, dysuria, and pollakiuria of one year's duration. With the exception of hematuria and proteinuria, results of other physical, clinicopathological, radiographic, and microbiologic evaluations were normal. Low concentrations of bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) antibodies (titer 1:40) were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). A diagnosis of nonobstructive, idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease was established by exclusion of other known causes of hematuria and dysuria. Clinical signs resolved in approximately seven days without symptomatic therapy. During the next 69 months, the owners observed five episodes of self-limiting, gross hematuria and pollakiuria. Persistent low titers of BHV-4 antibodies were detected by the IFAT. This case typifies the clinicopathological, radiographic, and microbiologic findings and the natural course characteristics of many cases of nonobstructive, idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease.

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