Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) remains the only approved therapy for acute ischemic stroke but has a restrictive treatment time window of 4.5 hr. Prolonged ischemia causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and increases the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) secondary to reperfusion. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of pinocembrin (PCB; a pleiotropic neuroprotective agent) on t-PA administration-induced BBB damage in a novel rat thromboembolic stroke model. By assessing the leakage of Evans blue into the ischemic hemisphere, we demonstrated that PCB pretreatment 5 min before t-PA administration significantly reduced BBB damage following 2 hr, 4 hr, 6 hr, and even 8 hr ischemia. Consistently, PCB pretreatment significantly decreased t-PA infusion-resulting brain edema and infarction volume and improved the behavioral outcomes following 6 hr ischemia. Mechanistically, PCB pretreatment inhibited the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and degradation of tight junction proteins (TJPs) occludin and claudin-5 in the ischemic hemisphere. Moreover, PCB pretreatment significantly reduced phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) as compared with t-PA alone. In an in vitro BBB model, PCB decreased transendothelial permeability upon hypoxia/aglycemia through inhibiting PDGF-CC secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PCB pretreatment shortly before t-PA infusion significantly protects BBB function and improves neurological outcomes following prolonged ischemia beyond the regular 4.5 hr t-PA time window. PCB pretreatment may represent a novel means of increasing the safety and the therapeutic time window of t-PA following ischemic stroke.
Intra-Arterial Transplantation of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mounts Neuroprotective Effects in a Transient Ischemic Stroke Model in Rats: Analyses of Therapeutic Time Window and Its Mechanisms
