scholarly journals An examination of perseverative errors and cognitive flexibility in autism

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0223160
Author(s):  
Oriane Landry ◽  
Peter Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Explicit Condition ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Implicit Condition

Perseveration is a well-replicated finding in autism. The aim of this study was to examine how the context of the task influences performance with respect to this phenomenon. We randomly assigned 137 children aged 6–12 with and without autism to complete a modified card-sorting task under one of two conditions: Children were either told the sorting rules on each trial (Explicit), or were given feedback to formulate the rules themselves (Implicit). While performance was enhanced on the Explicit condition for participants without autism, the participants with autism were disadvantaged by this manipulation. In contrast, there were few differences in performance between groups on the Implicit condition. Exploratory analyses were used to examine this unexpected result; increased autism symptomology was associated with poorer performance.

scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise with Superimposed Virtual Reality Improves Cognitive Flexibility and Selective Attention in Young Males

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8029
Author(s):  
Borja Sañudo ◽  
Ellie Abdi ◽  
Mario Bernardo-Filho ◽  
Redha Taiar
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task ◽  
Before And After

The literature to date is limited regarding the implantation of VR in healthy young individuals with a focus on cognitive function. Thirty healthy males aged between 22.8 and 24.3 years volunteered to participate in the study randomly and were assigned to one of two groups with alike exercises: an experimental group (GE, n = 15) that performed an exercise protocol with a VR game and a controlled group that performed the exercise protocol without the VR (CON, n = 15). A 128-card computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) and the Stroop test were completed before and after the exercise protocol. There was a significant interaction effect between time and condition for WCST preservation errors (F1,30 = 4.59, p = 0.041, η2p = 0.141) and a significant time effect for all WCST and Stroop outcomes in GE. Results of preliminary findings suggest that the use of a VR platform offers effective benefits with respect to cognitive flexibility and selective attention. In addition, participants can achieve additional benefits in cognitive flexibility by engaging in a traditional exercise protocol of a similar volume.

scholarly journals Multidimensionality in Executive Function Profiles in Schizophrenia: A Computational Approach Using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Haywood ◽  
Frank Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Computational Approach ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Ability Levels ◽  
Perseverative Errors ◽  
Schizophrenic Group

Deficits in executive functions (EF) are frequently implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia. However, no consensus exists regarding the contribution of EF to the dysfunctions observed in these individuals, with competing accounts arguing a primary role for deficits in inhibition, shifting and updating. We examine an alternative proposal referred to as the multidimensional hypothesis – rather than performance on cognitive tasks being primarily dependent on a single EF, the performance is multiply realised by a range of uneven EF profiles. We describe a computational approach, using the WCST, that allows manipulations to ability levels of processes relating to each EF component to be explicitly assessed. Our central objective is to determine whether models exhibiting unique profiles of EF abilities may simulate the performance of three target groups: individuals with schizophrenia, healthy first–degree relatives, and controls. For each target group, we show that of the performance measures yielded by the WCST, perseverative errors (PE; commonly assumed to rely heavily on EF) are simulated by multiple models. For a range of secondary measures (cards sorted, categories completed and non-perseverative errors; assumed less specific to EF abilities) our manipulations show little resemblance to the target groups. We view these results to support the multidimensional hypothesis, in that (1) no single EF process accounts for the poorer performance of the schizophrenic group, and (2) performance of PE in the target groups is achieved in models of diverse EF profiles. The implications of these findings for the study of EF in neuropsychological disorders are discussed

scholarly journals Transfer of learned cognitive flexibility to novel stimuli and task sets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Wen ◽  
Raphael M Geddert ◽  
Seth Madlon-Kay ◽  
Tobias Egner
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Task Rule ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Rule Changes ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Structure Knowledge

Adaptive behavior requires learning about the structure of the environment to derive optimal action policies, and previous studies have documented transfer of such structural knowledge to bias choices in new environments. Here, we asked whether people could also acquire and transfer more abstract knowledge across different task environments, in particular, expectations about demands on cognitive control. Over three experiments, participants performed a probabilistic card-sorting task in environments of either a low or high volatility of task rule changes (requiring low or high cognitive flexibility) before transitioning to a medium-volatility environment. Using reinforcement learning modeling, we consistently found that previous exposure to high task rule volatility led to faster adaptation to rule changes in the subsequent transfer phase. This transfer of expectations about demands on cognitive flexibility was both task- (Experiment 2) and stimulus- (Experiment 3) independent, thus demonstrating the formation and generalization of environmental structure knowledge to guide cognitive control.

scholarly journals Poor Cognitive Flexibility in Eating Disorders: Examining the Evidence using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e28331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Tchanturia ◽  
Helen Davies ◽  
Marion Roberts ◽  
Amy Harrison ◽  
Michiko Nakazato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting

Effects of Success and Failure with Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
William I. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Partial Failure ◽  
Failure Group ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Total Failure ◽  
Success Group

Institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents and young adults ( N = 80) performed on a card-sorting task immediately preceding and following a series of neutral, success, total failure or partial failure experiences. As predicted, the success group demonstrated an increment in performance, the total failure group showed no change in performance, and the partial failure group showed a decrement in performance.

Spatiotemporal analysis of feedback processing during a card sorting task using spatially filtered MEG

2006 ◽  
Vol 410 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Bayless ◽  
William C. Gaetz ◽  
Douglas O. Cheyne ◽  
Margot J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Card Sorting Task

Problems in the Interpretation of Cognitive Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

1976 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Hemsley
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Schizophrenic Group ◽  
Information Processing Deficits ◽  
Direct Measures

SummaryThis study compared matched groups of patients with acute schizophrenia and with depression on three tests used in the assessment of schizophrenic thinking disorder. Most measures derived from these tests significantly differentiated the groups; however, within the schizophrenic group there were no significant correlations between scores on the three tests. Further data were available from a choice reaction-time card-sorting task, from which estimates of distractability, stimulus decision time, response decision time, and movement time, were obtained. Only one significant relation was found between these measures and scores on the clinical tests. The possible confounding effects of intelligence and responsiveness are discussed. It is argued that more direct measures of the latter are preferable to interpreting tests of thinking disorder in terms of information processing deficits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document