Land reclamation pattern and environmental regulation guidelines for port clusters in the Bohai Sea, China

Coastal land reclamation (CLR), particularly port reclamation, is a common approach to alleviating land shortages. However, the spatial extent, percentages, and processes of these newly reclaimed ports are largely unknown. The Bohai Sea is the most concentrated area of port reclamation worldwide. Thus, this study addresses the changes in the different coastline types and port reclamation process in the area. The reclamation area of the 13 ports in the Bohai Sea in 2002–2018 was 2,300 km2, which decreased the area of the sea by 3%. The natural coastline length in Tianjin decreased by 47.5 km, whereas the artificial coastline length increased by 46.6 km. Based on the port boundary, however, only 26.3% of the reclaimed areas have been used for port construction, which concentrates in the Tianjin and Tangshan ports. The ratio of built-up area within the ports is only 32.5%, and approximately 48.3% of the reclaimed areas have no construction projects. The port land reclamation in the Bohai Sea has been undergoing periods of acceleration, peak, deceleration, and stagnation since 2002. Hence, future port reclamation should not be totally prohibited, and fine management should be conducted based on the optimization of the reclaimed port area. The innovation of this research is its analysis of the port internal land use pattern, the percentage of built-up area in the ports, and the sustainability of port reclamation policies. The findings have vital implications for scientifically regulating the spatial pattern and exploring the utility of port reclamation.

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Regional difference of coastal land use around the Bohai sea based on remote sensing images

Multimedia Tools and Applications ◽

10.1007/s11042-016-3334-1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (19) ◽

pp. 12061-12075 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anning Suo ◽

Yong Lin ◽

Minghui Zhang

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Land Use ◽

Regional Difference ◽

Bohai Sea ◽

Remote Sensing Images ◽

The Bohai Sea ◽

Coastal Land Use ◽

Coastal Land

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Long-Term Changes in the Unique and Largest Seagrass Meadows in the Bohai Sea (China) Using Satellite (1974–2019) and Sonar Data: Implication for Conservation and Restorationc

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13050856 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 856

Author(s):

Shaochun Xu ◽

Shuai Xu ◽

Yi Zhou ◽

Shidong Yue ◽

Xiaomei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Bohai Sea ◽

Land Reclamation ◽

Landsat Imagery ◽

Northern China ◽

Physical Damage ◽

Error Matrix ◽

The Bohai Sea ◽

Seagrass Meadows ◽

Sea Reclamation

Seagrass meadows play critical roles in supporting a high level of biodiversity but are continuously threatened by human activities, such as sea reclamation. In this study, we reported on a large seagrass (Zostera marina L.) meadow in Caofeidian shoal harbor in the Bohai Sea of northern China. We evaluated the environmental impact of sea reclamation activities using Landsat imagery (1974–2019) by mapping seagrass meadow distribution changes. ISODATA was adopted for the unsupervised classification and mapping of seagrass beds. The error matrix developed using the in situ data obtained from acoustic surveys for Landsat 8OLI image classification was 87.20% accurate. The maps showed rapidly increasing changes in seagrass meadows as the amount of reclaimed land increased. Some seagrass meadows experienced large-scale changes, and sea reclamation has been suggested as the main factor responsible for habitat loss, which results from physical damage, excessive sedimentation, and increased turbidity caused by reclamation. In addition, habitat degradation may have resulted from three storm surges induced by typhoons in 1992–1998. Fortunately, land reclamation, forming an artificial “longshore bar”, buffers seagrass meadows from wave actions, providing relatively sheltered conditions, which has allowed a large habitat increase since 2012. These were the largest eelgrass meadows (3,217.32 ha), with a peripheral area of ~100 km2, in the Bohai Sea of northern China in 2019. However, the existing largest eelgrass beds in China are threatened by trawling, clam harvesting (especially clam sucking), channel dredging, and culture pond construction. Our work will help coastal managers monitor the environmental impacts of reclamation activities on seagrass meadows on a large spatio-temporal scale and will also provide information for seagrass restoration using artificial “longshore bars”.

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Coastal Land Reclamation: Implication towards development control system in West Malaysia

Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal ◽

10.21834/e-bpj.v1i1.232 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 354

Author(s):

Mohammad Yusup ◽

Ahmad Fuzi Arshad ◽

Yusfida Ayu Abdullah ◽

Nor Syafa’ah Ishak

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Peer Review ◽

State Government ◽

Land Reclamation ◽

Publishing House ◽

Development Plan ◽

Development Control ◽

Reclamation Area ◽

International Publishing ◽

Coastal Land

It is apparent that the weakness in land reclamation development in Malacca includes the incapability of the existing laws in terms of guiding the delivery of development. Additionally, the lack of comprehensiveness of the present development plan causes the inefficiency of the planning procedures for development. The paper focuses on the power of planning authorities, related laws, as well as the development control instruments in relation with development within a reclamation area. This study will directly contribute to the efficiency administration and development control system to assist the State Government of Malacca towards systematic and efficient land reclamation developments.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Planning administration; development plan; development control; coastal land reclamation

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Dynamics of shoreline and land reclamation from 1985 to 2015 in the Bohai Sea, China

Journal of Geographical Sciences ◽

10.1007/s11442-019-1703-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 2031-2046 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiaosong Ding ◽

Xiujuan Shan ◽

Yunlong Chen ◽

Xianshi Jin ◽

Forruq Rahman Muhammed

Keyword(s):

Bohai Sea ◽

Land Reclamation ◽

The Bohai Sea

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Keystone species of fish community structure in the Bohai Sea

Journal of Fishery Sciences of China ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1118.2018.17374 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 229

Author(s):

Zhongyi LI ◽

Qiang WU ◽

Xiujuan SHAN ◽

Tao YANG ◽

Fangqun DAI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Fish Community ◽

Bohai Sea ◽

Keystone Species ◽

Fish Community Structure ◽

The Bohai Sea

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Functional groups of fish assemblages and their major species in the Bohai Sea

JOURNAL OF FISHERIES OF CHINA ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1231.2012.27592 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 64 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bo ZHANG ◽

Zhong-yi LI ◽

Xian-shi JIN

Keyword(s):

Functional Groups ◽

Bohai Sea ◽

Fish Assemblages ◽

The Bohai Sea ◽

Major Species

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Species Diversity and Eco-geographical Distribution of Dinoflagellate Cysts in the Bohai Sea, China

CHINESE BULLETIN OF BOTANY ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1259.2012.00125 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 125-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wang Yan ◽

Huang Lin ◽

Gu Haifeng ◽

Li Shuang ◽

Li Shaoshan

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Bohai Sea ◽

Dinoflagellate Cysts ◽

The Bohai Sea

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Storm Surges in the Bohai Sea: The Role of Waves and Tides

Water ◽

10.3390/w12051509 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1509

Author(s):

Yuanyi Li ◽

Huan Feng ◽

Guillaume Vigouroux ◽

Dekui Yuan ◽

Guangyu Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Storm Surge ◽

Bohai Sea ◽

Storm Surges ◽

Wave Force ◽

Laizhou Bay ◽

Bohai Bay ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

The Bohai Sea ◽

Tidal Phase ◽

Set Up

A storm surge is a complex phenomenon in which waves, tide and current interact. Even though wind is the predominant force driving the surge, waves and tidal phase are also important factors that influence the mass and momentum transport during the surge. Devastating storm surges often occur in the Bohai Sea, a semi-enclosed shallow sea in North China, due to extreme storms. However, the effects of waves on storm surges in the Bohai Sea have not been quantified and the mechanisms responsible for the higher surges that affect part of the Bohai Sea have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we set up a storm surge model, considering coupled effects of tides and waves on the surges. Validation against measured data shows that the coupled model is capable of simulating storm surges in the Bohai Sea. The simulation results indicate that the longshore currents, which are induced by the large gradient of radiation stress due to wave deformation, are one of the main contributors to the higher surges occurring in some coastal regions. The gently varying bathymetry is another factor contributing to these surges. With such bathymetry, the wave force direction is nearly uniform, and pushes a large amount of water in that direction. Under these conditions, the water accumulates in some parts of the coast, leading to higher surges in nearby coastal regions such as the south coast of the Bohai Bay and the west and south coasts of the Laizhou Bay. Results analysis also shows that the tidal phase at which the surge occurs influences the wave–current interactions, and these interactions are more evident in shallow waters. Neglecting these interactions can lead to inaccurate predictions of the storm surges due to overestimation or underestimation of wave-induced set-up.

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