Assessment of port efficiency within Latin America

The Panama Canal expansion has influenced the development of ports within the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region, intending to capitalise on economic opportunities through seaborne trade. Examining port performance is essential to ascertain the PCE impact on port efficiency within the LAC region. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) was used to determine the technical efficiency of the 19 major ports within the LAC from 2010 to 2018. The result indicates that, among the four (4) port performance indicators (berth length, port area, the number of cranes (STS gantry and mobile), and the number of berths), the number of STS gantry cranes and berth length had the largest and most significant impact. Some ports with high technical efficiency experienced TEU losses despite port infrastructural development and privatization. The findings also revealed that the increased competition among regional and US East and Gulf Coast ports has negatively impacted some LAC ports’ TEU volumes due to port proximity. The dynamism of the maritime sector, especially containerization, requires ports to implement value-added services and logistics centers in tandem with port performance indicators to remain sustainable and competitive in the maritime industry.

O Píer Mauá como Terrain Vague Planejamento urbano, mídia e arquitetura

A adesão ao planejamento estratégico e a realização de mega eventos esportivos no Rio de Janeiro contribuíram para a reconstrução da imagem global da cidade no século XXI, configurando novas formas de ocupação do território. Este artigo pretende refletir sobre o conceito de terrain vague, ou terreno vago (SOLÀ-MORALES, 2002), a partir da análise do Píer Mauá, atracadouro originalmente construído em 1948, na região portuária, e que se tornou objeto de disputas urbanas desde os anos 1990 até a construção do Museu do Amanhã, inaugurado em 2015. O presente estudo levanta a hipótese de que planejamento urbano e mídia se tornam fatores essenciais para nortear o pensamento arquitetônico. Investigaremos as principais propostas realizadas para o local (projetos dos anos 1990, Guggenheim Rio e Museu do Amanhã) em conexão com os respectivos planos urbanísticos (Rio Sempre Rio, Porto do Rio e Porto Maravilha) e com as imagens dominantes veiculadas pela mídia (Brasil + 500, Novo Milênio e Sustentabilidade). Palavras-chave: Terreno vago; Píer Mauá; Guggenheim Rio; Museu do Amanhã. ABSTRACT Strategic urban planning and mega sporting events in Rio de Janeiro have contributed to the reconstruction of the city’s global image in the 21st century, configuring new ways of occupying the territory. This article aims to reflect on the concept of terrain vague (SOLÀ-MORALES, 2002) by analyzing the Mauá Pier, a wharf originally built in 1948 at the Rio Port area, and which had become a target of territorial disputes since the 1990s until the construction of the Museum of Tomorrow, inaugurated in 2015. This study will raise the hypothesis that both urban planning and media become fundamental factors for the architectural design thinking for the Maua Pier. Therefore, we will investigate the main architectural designs (including the proposals of the 1990s, Guggenheim Rio, and Museum of Tomorrow) connected to the respective urban plans (Rio Sempre Rio, Porto do Rio, and Porto Maravilha) and to the dominant images broadcasted by media (Brazil + 500, New Millennium and Sustainability). Keywords: Terrain vague; Píer Mauá; Guggenheim Rio; Museu do Amanhã.

Ocupar o centro: Vivências no processo de reconversão de imóveis abandonados em áreas centrais

Esta pesquisa surge da crítica ao Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) frente à disponibilidade de imóveis vacantes nos centros urbanos. O trabalho parte de estudos teóricos e empíricos que propõem uma reflexão, através de diferentes abordagens metodológicas, para a realização da reconversão de imóveis abandonados na área central. Questiona também o papel dos profissionais e estudantes de arquitetura na prestação de assessoria técnica de movimentos populares. A Ocupação Vito Giannotti (OVG), localizada no Bairro do Santo Cristo, na área portuária da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, foi definida como estudo de caso visando demonstrar a importância do projeto participativo para alcançar um ambiente construído de qualidade. Essa experiência demonstra a necessidade de formar arquitetos com a capacidade de interlocução e mediação, em vez da imposição do projeto arquitetônico. Palavras-chave: Assessoria Técnica; autogestão habitacional; Ocupação Vito Giannotti. Abstract This research emerges from the critique of the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) considering the availability of vacant properties in urban centers. The work begins with theoretical and empirical studies that propose a reflection, through the different methodological approaches, to carry out the conversion of abandoned properties in the central areas of large cities. It also questions the role of architecture professionals and students in providing technical assistance to popular movements. The Ocupação Vito Giannotti (OVG), located in the Santo Cristo neighborhood, in the port area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, was defined as a case study aiming to demonstrate the importance of the participatory project to achieve a built environment of quality. This experience demonstrates the need to train architects with the capacity to dialogue and mediate, instead of imposing the architectural project. Keywords: Technical Assistance; Social Housing Self-Management; Vito Giannotti Occupation.

O PAPEL DOS TERMINAIS RODOVIÁRIOS NA MOBILIDADE URBANA NOS MUNICÍPIOS EM DESENVOLVIMENTO: O CASO DE ANCHIETA NO ESPÍRITO SANTO

The use of passenger bus terminals has developed over the years and they are no longer just places for boarding, connecting between points and disembarking users. The passenger bus terminals represent an aid to the transport infrastructure and, in addition to contributing to mobility, they constitute an integration factor, generators of jobs and taxes (SOARES, 2006). The growth of cities and territorial occupation intensifies the dependence on the use of road equipment, which has become indispensable in daily commuting. Thus, bus terminals have a fundamental role in the development of small cities, as they expand the possibilities of municipal and intercity commuting. Anchieta, a small municipality, is located in a tourist, agricultural and port area on the southern coast of Espírito Santo. The city has approximately 29,263 inhabitants (IBGE, 2020) and does not have a location with adequate infrastructure for passengers to embark and disembark. Thus, the objective is to discuss the importance of implementing road terminals in small cities for the construction of urban mobility. Thus, we seek to analyze the case of Anchieta in terms of its historical and geographical context and the infrastructure associated with the public transport offered.

Persebaran Penyakit di Kawasan Laut Jawa Abad XIX - XX

This article discussed about the process of diseases spreading along the Java Sea area during the 19th and the early 20th century. This study utilized historical method with an aim to reconstruct past events, especially on the outbreaks happened in the Java Sea area and how the colonial governmnet dealt with the occurrence. The article applied Braudel’s structural theory (1988) to analyze the existence of structures, which were taking a role in the process of diseases spreading. This analysis was supported by the concept of ‘silent barter’, developed by Knapen (1995) as a benchmark to determine factors that caused the spread. The results allowed us to discover that the dynamics of shipping and trading in the Java Sea at that time were part of the whole pandemic situation. There were at least two diseases discussed as the main focus of this article, smallpox and cholera, as these two severely affected the trading and shipping activity. These diseases were carried by the crews of ships escaping the quarantine doctors who carried out medical examination at various ports. Several ports in Java, such as Batavia, Semarang, Cirebon, and Surabaya, had become the epicenters of the outbreak. The government applied a regulation to attached a yellow flag to the ship contaminated by the plague before they entered the port area. The yellow flag functioned as an identifying marker. The regulation was supposed to limit the spread of diseases from the coastal area of Java to the mainland, as well as to gain more attention from other ships and doctors resided near the ports. The yellow flag system made it easier for the government and doctors to handle smallpox and cholera outbreaks, even though there had been some aberrations in economic activities in this area.

Occurrence of microplastics in the sediments of Baseco Port area at Manila Bay, Philippines

Microplastic in marine sediments is nowadays considered an environmental pollutant. Seaports are particularly susceptible to microplastic pollution through series of human activities occurring in these areas. In the Philippines, research on microplastics is still limited and there is still no study determining the occurrence of microplastics in the harbour of Manila Bay, Philippines. Hence, this work conducted a preliminary investigation of microplastics in the sediments of Baseco Port area, Manila Bay. Nine stations within the study region were sampled. The types of microplastics found are fragments, foam, fiber, film, pellet, and filament with an average size measurement of 1.6±1.4 mm. Results from this study suggest that anthropogenic impacts are most likely the dominant sources of accumulation and distribution of microplastics in the sediments of Baseco port. This study provides preliminary assessment of microplastics contamination in the area that may serve as important reference for further studies.

The Seawater Heavy Metal Content of the Mining Port Close to the Residential Area in the Morowali District

Mining port operations are complex and can cause various forms of pollution. Analysis of seawater pollution from mining ports is required and complicated because of the various types of pollution, sources, effects, and different characteristics. This study examines the content of heavy metals in seawater in residential areas very close to mining ports. The method used sampling in three different places, examining seawater’s heavy metal properties. Secondary data of the quality of seawater was obtained from the results of data monitoring carried out by the company periodically since the port was built as a comparison material from the results of sample inspection. The results of this study indicate that the waters around the settlements contain heavy metals. The composition of Cd was 10%, Pb was125%, Cu was 625%, Ni was 760%, and Zn was 300% above the standard of seawater quality for the Port Area set by the Indonesian government, which did not match the yearly reports (secondary data). On the other hand, community activities also have a minor role as a source of pollution. Therefore, it is essential to do further research with a focus on finding sources of pollution.

Oxygen Consumption of Resuspended Sediments of the Upper Elbe Estuary: Process Identification and Prognosis

The resuspension of sediment leads to an increased release of nutrients and organic substances into the overlying water column, which can have a negative effect on the oxygen budget. Especially in the warmer months with a lower oxygen saturation and higher biological activity, the oxygen content can reach critical thresholds in estuaries like the upper Elbe estuary. Many studies have dealt with the nutrient fluxes that occur during a resuspension event. However, the sediment properties that influence the oxygen consumption potential (OCP) and the different biochemical processes have not been examined in detail. To fill this gap, we investigated the biogeochemical composition, texture, and OCP of sediments at 21 locations as well as the temporal variability within one location for a period of 2 years (monthly sampling) in the upper Elbe estuary. The OCP of sediments during a seven-day resuspension event can be described by the processes of sulphate formation, nitrification, and mineralisation. Chlorophyll, total nitrogen (Ntotal), and total organic carbon showed the highest correlations with the OCP. Based on these correlations, we developed a prognosis model to calculate the OCP for the upper Elbe estuary with a single sediment parameter (Ntotal). The model is well suited to calculate the oxygen consumption of resuspended sediments in the Hamburg port area during the relevant warmer months and shows a normalised root mean squared error of < 0.11 ± 0.13. Thus, the effect of maintenance measures such as water injection dredging and ship-induced wave on the oxygen budget of the water can be calculated.

The port of Gothenburg under the influence of the fourth stage of the industrial revolution: Implementing a wide portfolio of digital tools to optimize the conduct of operations

Taking advantage of the benefits associated with the fourth stage of the industrial revolution--quite often termed as the “era of digitalization” in the wider literature--has become a main priority for ports globally, as part of their further development. The implications of smart technologies on the sustainable development of the ports have not been adequately addressed by the existing literature and it is exactly this gap that this study aims to fulfil. This paper aims to provide an overview of the innovative technologies adopted by a small number of smart ports around the world and highlight their link to sustainable development by employing an exploratory review of various sources. The design features of the smart ports identified by the existing literature have formed the basis for the development of a conceptual framework used in this paper for the analysis of the case of the Port of Gothenburg--the largest Scandinavian port, both in terms of number of visits and volume of cargo handled. The specific port is currently expanding its digital transformation by launching a platform during the second half of 2021 that will link digitally and coordinate the operations of all relevant stakeholders--shipping companies, freight forwarders, rail operators--at the port area. From the analysis, it becomes clear that the implementation of a wide portfolio of digital initiatives by the port under discussion has already resulted in the optimization of its operations and is strongly interrelated to its sustainable development. Important issues to be addressed in the near future that were identified by this research effort include the necessary cultural adaptation and training activities to ensure the right exploitation of these tools by the whole pool of the workforce.