scholarly journals Enhancement of loudness discrimination acuity for self-generated sound is independent of musical experience

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260859
Author(s):  
Nozomi Endo ◽  
Takayuki Ito ◽  
Katsumi Watanabe ◽  
Kimitaka Nakazawa
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Musical Experience ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Fundamental Function ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Motor Interaction

Musicians tend to have better auditory and motor performance than non-musicians because of their extensive musical experience. In a previous study, we established that loudness discrimination acuity is enhanced when sound is produced by a precise force generation task. In this study, we compared the enhancement effect between experienced pianists and non-musicians. Without the force generation task, loudness discrimination acuity was better in pianists than non-musicians in the condition. However, the force generation task enhanced loudness discrimination acuity similarly in both pianists and non-musicians. The reaction time was also reduced with the force control task, but only in the non-musician group. The results suggest that the enhancement of loudness discrimination acuity with the precise force generation task is independent of musical experience and is, therefore, a fundamental function in auditory-motor interaction.

Evaluating Options for CRT Display of Process Trend Data

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Koch ◽  
Thomas R. Edman ◽  
R. Kim Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Time Orientation ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Control Room ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Nuclear Control ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
Main Effects

Effectiveness of colorgraphics CRT-based process trend display formats was evaluated by manipulating time scale orientation and time directionality. Performance was assessed in terms of reaction time and accuracy in responding to questions representative of process control task scenarios. Reaction time analyses reveal no main effects of time orientation or directionality, but a reliable orientation-directionality interaction effect is present. This interaction supports the conclusion that more rapid interpretation of trend is associated with x-axis time orientation progressing away from the origin and with y-axis time orientation progressing toward the origin. Error rates were nearly equivalent among the format types and supported no further discrimination among them. The findings have implications for the design of trend displays in applications such as nuclear control room, petrochemical processing, and load management.

Effects of Information Processing Requirements on Reaction Time of the Eye

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine L. Nelson ◽  
Robert M. London ◽  
Gordon H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Target Direction ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Subject Differences

This experiment measured eye reaction time as a function of presence or absence of a central control task, type of command, and knowledge of target direction prior to command. It was found that eye reaction time was greater when a subject was involved in a central tracking task than when he was not; it was greater when the command was symbolic than when it was spatial; and it was longer when the target direction was unknown prior to command. These variables also interacted, so that the effect of unknown target direction was greater with a symbolic command. Results of this experiment also showed that subjects sometimes used an initial compensatory pattern of eye-head movements. There were large inter-subject differences, but use of compensation generally increased with complexity of centrally located information which required processing. It thus appears that reaction time of the eye responds to information processing variables in a manner similar to other motor response systems.

Individual Differences in Arm Strength, Speed, Reaction Time, and Three Serial Reaction Time-Movement Time “Programs”

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
College Men ◽  
Serial Reaction Time ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Serial Reaction ◽  
Arm Strength ◽  
Time Movement

The motor performance of 32 college men was measured on the following tests: arm strength, arm reaction and movement times, arm-and-leg serial reaction and movement times. Specificity of variance of individual differences was found for single, simple, and discrete limb movements and for three programmed series of large RT-MT movements which involved 240 responses.

Experimental Studies of the Mental Speed of Schizophrenics

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (437) ◽  
pp. 1123-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Broadhurst
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

It has been clinically observed that psychiatric patients in general (6, 11) and schizophrenic patients in particular (1, 4) show abnormalities of mental speed, being “retarded” or slower than normals on many measures. Confirmatory evidence on this point is to be found but much of the early work on speed of schizophrenic reactivity used measures of speed of motor performance (12, 13) or of reaction time under various conditions (6), ignoring more fundamental slowness of thought processes. The present studies are concentrated on the recent finding that schizophrenics show abnormally slow mental speed measured in a problem-solving situation (4, 18, 19). The aim of the investigation was to discover the exact conditions under which this abnormality appears, and, thence, by manipulating the experimental conditions, to be able to bring speed of mental functioning under experimental control. This paper describes the attempt to bring speed under control by means of drugs. A second paper (2) deals with the effect of practice upon mental speed.

Representation of tactile signals in primate supplementary motor area

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2690-2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Romo ◽  
S. Ruiz ◽  
P. Crespo ◽  
A. Zainos ◽  
H. Merchant
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Time Period ◽  
All Speeds

1. We have studied the neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) of two monkeys who categorized the speed of moving tactile stimuli delivered to the glabrous skin of the hand ipsilateral to the site of cortical recording and contralateral to the responding arm. 2. A large number of SMA neurons responded to the stimuli of all speeds (176 of 522) but only when those stimuli controlled behavior. 3. A second class of SMA neurons responded differentially in the categorization task (35 during the stimuli and 51 during the reaction time period) and predicted its outcome. 4. To dissociate the interrupt target switches presses from the tactile categorization responses, sixteen neurons, which responded to the stimuli in all speeds, and 11 neurons, which discharged differentially, were tested in a visual control task. None of these two classes of neurons responded in this situation. 5. It is concluded that the SMA ipsilateral to sensory input and contralateral to the responding arm is involved in the sensory decision process in this somesthetic categorization task.

Open Loop Force Control of Piezo-Actuated Stick-Slip Drives

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Edeler ◽  
Sergej Fatikow
Keyword(s):  
Force Control ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Micro Actuator ◽  
Friction Models ◽  
Application Fields

In this paper a new method to generate forces with stick-slip micro drives is described. The forces are generated if the runner of the stick-slip drive operates against an obstacle. It is shown that the generated force can be varied selectively without additional sensors and that virtually any force between zero and a limiting force given by certain parameters can be generated. For the investigated micro actuator this force is typically in the range up to hundreds of mN. For this reason, the method has the potential to expand the application fields of stick-slip positioners. After the presentation of the testbed containing the measured linear axis, measurements showing the principle and important parameters are discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that the force generation can be qualitatively simulated using state-of-the-art friction models. Finally, the results are discussed and an outlook is given.

On the Relation between Time Perception and the Timing of Motor Action: Evidence for a Temporal Oscillator Controlling the Timing of Movement

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Treisman ◽  
Andrew Faulkner ◽  
Peter L. N. Naish
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Characteristic Frequency ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Perception Of Time

Studies of time estimation have provided evidence that human time perception is determined by an internal clock containing a temporal oscillator and have also provided estimates of the frequency of this oscillator (Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, & Brogan, 1992; Treisman & Brogan, 1992). These estimates were based on the observation that when the intervals to be estimated are accompanied by auditory clicks that recur at certain critical rates, perturbations in time estimation occur. To test the hypothesis that the mechanisms that underlie the perception of time and those that control the timing of motor performance are similar, analogous experiments were performed on motor timing, with the object of seeing whether evidence for a clock would be obtained and if so whether its properties resemble those of the time perception clock. The prediction was made that perturbations in motor timing would be seen at the same or similar critical auditory click rates. The experiments examined choice reaction time and typing. The results support the hypothesis that a temporal oscillator paces motor performance and that this oscillator is similar to the oscillator underlying time perception. They also provide an estimate of the characteristic frequency of the oscillator.

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