scholarly journals Young key populations left behind: The necessity for a targeted response in Mozambique

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261943
Author(s):  
Makini A. S. Boothe ◽  
Cynthia Semá Baltazar ◽  
Isabel Sathane ◽  
Henry F. Raymond ◽  
Erika Fazito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Introduction The first exposure to high-risk sexual and drug use behaviors often occurs during the period of youth (15–24 years old). These behaviors increase the risk of HIV infection, especially among young key populations (KP)–men how have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), and people who inject drugs (PWID). We describe the characteristics of young KP participants in the first Biobehavioral Surveillance (BBS) surveys conducted in Mozambique and examine their risk behaviors compared to adult KP. Methods Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) methodology was used to recruit KP in three major urban areas in Mozambique. RDS-weighted pooled estimates were calculated to estimate the proportion of young KP residing in each survey city. Unweighted pooled estimates of risk behaviors were calculated for each key population group and chi-square analysis assessed differences in proportions between youth (aged less than 24 years old) and older adult KP for each population group. Results The majority of MSM and FSW participants were young 80.7% (95% CI: 71.5–89.9%) and 71.9% (95% CI: 71.9–79.5%), respectively, although not among PWID (18.2%, 95% CI: 13.2–23.2%). Young KP were single or never married, had a secondary education level or higher, and low employment rates. They reported lower perception of HIV risk (MSM: 72.3% vs 56.7%, p<0.001, FSW: 45.3% vs 24.4%, p<0.001), lower HIV testing uptake (MSM: 67.5% vs 72.3%, p<0.001; FSW: 63.2% vs 80.6%; p<0.001, PWID: 53.3% vs 31.2%; p = 0.001), greater underage sexual debut (MSM: 9.6% vs 4.8%, p<0.001; FSW: 35.2% vs 22.9%, p<0.001), and greater underage initiation of injection drug use (PWID: 31.9% vs 7.0%, p<0.001). Young KP also had lower HIV prevalence compared to older KP: MSM: 3.3% vs 27.0%, p<0.001; FSW: 17.2% vs 53.7%, p<0.001; and PWID: 6.0% vs 55.0%, p<0.001. There was no significant difference in condom use across the populations. Conclusion There is an immediate need for a targeted HIV response for young KP in Mozambique so that they are not left behind. Youth must be engaged in the design and implementation of interventions to ensure that low risk behaviors are sustained as they get older to prevent HIV infection.

scholarly journals Young Key Populations Left Behind: The Necessity for a Targeted Response in Mozambique    

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makini Boothe ◽  
Cynthia Semá Baltazar ◽  
Isabel Sathane ◽  
Henry F. Raymond ◽  
Erika Fazito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Background: The first exposure to high-risk sexual and drug use behaviors often occurs during the period of youth (15-24 years old). These behaviors increase the risk of HIV infection, especially among young key populations (KP) – men how have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), and people who inject drugs (PWID). We describe the characteristics of young KP participants in the first round of Biobehavioral Surveillance (BBS) surveys conducted in Mozambique and examine their risk behaviors compared to adult KP.Methods: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) methodology was used to recruit KP in three major urban areas in Mozambique. RDS-weighted pooled estimates were calculated to estimate the proportion of young KP residing in each survey city. Unweighted pooled estimates of risk behaviors were calculated for each key population group and chi-square analysis assessed differences in proportions between youth (aged less than 24 years old) and older adult KP for each population group. Results: The majority of MSM and FSW participants were young 80.7% (95% CI: 71.5-89.9%) and 71.9% (95%CI: 71.9-79.5%), respectively, although not among PWID (18.2%, 95% CI: 13.2-23.2%). Young KP were single or never married, had a secondary education level or higher, and had lower employment rates. They reported lower perception of HIV risk (MSM: 72.3% vs 56.7%, p<0.001, FSW: 45.3% vs 24.4%, p<0.001), lower HIV testing uptake (MSM: 67.5 vs 72.3, p<0.001; FSW: 63.2 vs 80.6; p<0.001, PWID: 53.3 vs 31.2; p=0.001), greater underage sexual debut (MSM: 9.6 vs 4.8, p<0.001; FSW: 35.2 vs 22.9, p<0.001), and greater underage initiation of injection drug use (PWID: 31.9 vs 7.0, p<0.001). Young KP also had lower HIV prevalence compared to older KP: MSM: 3.3% vs 27.0%, p<0.001; FSW: 17.2% vs 53.7%, p<0.001; and PWID: 6.0% vs 55.0%, p<0.001. There was no significant difference in condom use across the populations. Conclusion: There is an immediate need for a targeted HIV response for young KP in Mozambique so that they are not left behind. Youth must be engaged in the design and implementation of interventions to ensure that low risk behaviors are sustained as they get older to prevent HIV infection.

Creencias de contagio casual, estigma y discriminación relacionados al VIH, en adolescentes que asisten a colegios oficiales en áreas urbanas de Panamá [HIVrelated beliefs of casual contagion, stigma, and discrimination among adolescents who attend public schools in urban areas of Panama]

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anet Murillo ◽  
Amanda Gabster ◽  
Elisa Mendoza ◽  
Gonzalo Cabezas Talavero ◽  
Juan Miguel Pascale
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stigma And Discrimination ◽  
Significant Difference

<p><strong>Objetivo: </strong>Describir la prevalencia y factores sociodemográficos relacionados con las creencias de contagio casual de VIH. Entender los factores que están asociados a estigmas y discriminación hacia compañeros que viven con el VIH en la población adolescente (14-19 años) en centros educativos de nivel media de áreas urbanas de Panamá. <strong>Método: </strong>Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con muestreo de conglomerados de dos-etapas, con selección aleatoria en 4 regiones urbanas de Panamá (Panamá, San Miguelito, Colón y Panamá Oeste). Se incluyó estudiantes 14-19 años de centros educativos públicos de educación media entre los meses de junio y agosto de 2015-2018 (una región por año). Se utilizó de regresión logística multivariable con efectos aleatorios. <strong>Resultados: </strong>Del total de 2466 participantes, el 56.9% era de sexo femenino y el 43.1% de sexo masculino. No se encontró una diferencia significativa entre el sexo de los participantes y la creencia en contagio casual.  Después de ajustar el modelo por edad de los participantes, se encontró evidencia de asociación entre participantes de sexo masculino y el estigma (adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=1.44, 95% Intervalo de Confianza [IC]:1.14-1.82) y la discriminación (AOR= 2.02 95%CI:1.40-3.07).  Al ajustar por sexo y edad de los participantes, se encontró evidencia de asociación entre creencias de contagio casual y estigma reportado (AOR=2.0, IC95%: 1.4-2.9), como también entre estigma y discriminación reportado (AOR=2.2 CI 95%:1.5-3.2). <strong>Conclusiones: </strong>Los estudiantes entre los 14-19 años que asisten a centros educativos públicos de nivel Media, presentaron una alta prevalencia de creencia de contagio casual del VIH, estigma y discriminación. <strong></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>:</p><p><strong>Objective</strong>: To describe the prevalence and sociodemographic factors related to beliefs of casual HIV infection. Understand the factors that are associated with stigma and discrimination towards peers living with HIV in the adolescent population (14-19 years) in high school educational centers in urban areas of Panama. <strong>Method</strong>: A cross-sectional study was carried out with two-stage cluster sampling, using random selection in 4 urban regions of Panama (Panama, San Miguelito, Colón and Panamá Oeste). The study was carried out among 14-19-year-old participants of public schools of secondary education between the months of June and August 2015-2018 (one region per year). Random-effects multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. <strong>Results</strong>: Of the total of 2,466 participants, 56.9% were female and 43.1% male. No significant difference was found between the sex of the participants and the belief of casual contagion. However, after adjusting the model for the age of the participants, we found evidence of an association between stigma (adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.44,95% Confidence Interval[CI]:1.14-1.82) and discrimination (AOR = 2.02 95% CI:1.40-3.07) in the male participants. After adjusting for the sex and age of the participants, evidence of association was found among those with beliefs of casual contagion and reported stigma (AOR = 2.0, 95%CI:1.4-2.9), as well as strong evidence of association between stigma and reported discrimination (AOR = 2.2 95% CI:1.5-3.2). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Students between the ages of 14-19 years who attend public schools of medium level, presented a high prevalence of belief of casual HIV infection, stigma and discrimination. </p>

scholarly journals High Burden of HIV Infection and Risk Behaviors Among Female Sex Workers in Three Main Urban Areas of Mozambique

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ângelo do Rosário Augusto ◽  
Peter W. Young ◽  
Roberta Z. Horth ◽  
Celso Inguane ◽  
Isabel Sathane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Female Sex

Injection drug use and crack cocaine smoking: independent and dual risk behaviors for HIV infection

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde B. McCoy ◽  
Shenghan Lai ◽  
Lisa R. Metsch ◽  
Sarah E. Messiah ◽  
Wei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Injection Drug

scholarly journals Sexualized drug use and specialist service experience among MSM attending urban and rural sexual health clinics in England and Scotland

2021 ◽  
pp. 095646242110414
Author(s):  
Richard Kennedy ◽  
Jennifer Murira ◽  
Kirsty Foster ◽  
Ellen Heinsbroek ◽  
Frances Keane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Specialist Service ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sexual Health Clinics

Background: To date, evidence on whether sexualized drug use (SDU) and chemsex occur less frequently in rural compared to urban areas in Britain has been conflicting. This study aimed to better measure and understand whether attending urban versus rural sexual health clinics in the United Kingdom was associated with a difference in men who have sex with men’s (MSM) experience of SDU or their access to SDU support. Methods: Men from 29 sexual health services across England and Scotland were recruited by self-completing a waiting room survey. Results: A total of 2655 men (864 MSM) took part. There was no statistically significant difference in recent SDU or chemsex identified in MSM attending rural compared to urban clinics. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate/Gamma-Butyrolactone (GHB/GBL) was the most commonly reported chemsex drug used in a sexual setting, with equal prevalence of use in urban and rural MSM attendees. Distance travelled for SDU was not significantly different for rural compared to urban MSM. Rural MSM reported a higher rate of unmet need for SDU specific services, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Within this sample of MSM, there were no significant differences in sexualized drug use behaviours between those attending rural compared to urban sexual health settings.

Cannabis use in Switzerland: The role of attribution of drug use to friends, urbanization and repression 1The study was supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG) Grant 316.96.5980.

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Hbsc Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Individual Use

Cannabis use does not show homogeneous patterns in a country. In particular, urbanization appears to influence prevalence rates, with higher rates in urban areas. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was employed to analyze these structural influences on individuals in Switzerland. Data for this analysis were taken from the Switzerland survey of Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study, the most recent survey to assess drug use in a nationally representative sample of 3473 15-year-olds. A total of 1487 male and 1620 female students indicated their cannabis use and their attributions of drug use to friends. As second level variables we included address density in the 26 Swiss Cantons as an indicator of urbanization and officially recorded offences of cannabis use in the Cantons as an indicator of repressive policy. Attribution of drug use to friends is highly correlated with cannabis use. The correlation is even more pronounced in urban Cantons. However, no association between recorded offences and cannabis use was found. The results suggest that structural variables influence individuals. Living in an urban area effects the attribution of drug use to friends. On the other hand repressive policy does not affect individual use.

Review of HIV Infection and Intravenous Drug Use.

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-656
Author(s):  
Terri Gullickson
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use

HIV INFECTION AND SOME RELATED FACTORS IN FEMALE MASSAGE THERAPISTS IN QUANG NGAI PROVINCE

2015 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Xuan Chuong Tran ◽  
Thi Thanh Hoa Le ◽  
Ngoc Van Nguyen ◽  
Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Massage Therapists

Background: HIV/AIDS is still a dangerous infection in Vietnam and in the world. Studying of HIV infection and related factors in high risk groups, including female massage therapists is therefore very important. Aims: 1. To study the HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province. 2. To fine some related factors to HIV infection. Patients and methods: Female massage therapists working in Quang Ngai province. Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Results: The rate of HIV infection was 0.99%. Group older than 22 years old had higher rate of infection than group under 22 years old (1.80% vs 0.69%). The girls from urban areas or not using condom had higher rate of infection than group from rural or not using condom (1.57% vs 0.47% and 7.32% vs. 0.57%). Most of HIV infected belong to single or divorce groups. Conclusions: The rate of HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province was 0.99%. The HIV infection related factor was not using condom in sexual contact. Keywords: HIV, female massage therapists, Quang Ngai

Renal Phosphate Handling in Antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tewogbade Adeoye Adedeji ◽  
Simeon Adelani. Adebisi ◽  
Nife Olamide Adedeji ◽  
Olusola Akanni Jeje ◽  
Rotimi Samuel Owolabi
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Plasma Phosphate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impairs renal function, thereby affecting renal phosphate metabolism. Objectives: We prospectively estimated the prevalence of phosphate abnormalities (mild, moderate to life-threatening hypophosphataemia, and hyperphosphataemia) before initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 170 consecutive newly diagnosed ART-naïve, HIV-infected patients attending our HIV/AIDS clinics over a period of one year. Fifty (50) screened HIV-negative blood donors were used for comparison (controls). Blood and urine were collected simultaneously for phosphate and creatinine assay to estimate fractional phosphate excretion (FEPi %) and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results: eGFR showed significant difference between patients’ and controls’ medians (47.89ml/min/1.73m2 versus 60ml/min/1.73m2, p <0.001); which denotes a moderate chronic kidney disease in the patients. Of the 170 patients, 78 (45.9%) had normal plasma phosphate (0.6-1.4 mmol/L); 85 (50%) had hyperphosphataemia. Grades 1, 2 and 3 hypophosphataemia was observed in 3 (1.8%), 3 (1.8%), and 1(0.5%) patient(s) respectively. None had grade 4 hypophosphataemia. Overall, the patients had significantly higher median of plasma phosphate than the controls, 1.4 mmol/L (IQR: 1.0 – 2.2) versus 1.1 mmol/L (IQR: 0.3 – 1.6), p <0.001, implying hyperphosphataemia in the patients; significantly lower median urine phosphate than the controls, 1.5 mmol/L (IQR: 0.7 -2.1) versus 8.4 mmol/L (IQR: 3.4 – 16), p <0.001), justifying the hyperphosphataemia is from phosphate retention; but a non-significantly lower median FEPi% than the controls, 0.96 % (IQR: 0.3 -2.2) versus 1.4% (IQR: 1.2 -1.6), p > 0.05. Predictors of FEPi% were age (Odds ratio, OR 0.9, p = 0.009); weight (OR 2.0, p < 0.001); CD4+ cells count predicted urine phosphate among males (p = 0.029). Conclusion: HIV infection likely induces renal insufficiency with reduced renal phosphate clearance. Thus, hyperphosphataemia is highly prevalent, and there is mild to moderate hypophosphataemia but its life-threatening form (grade 4) is rare among ART-naïve HIV patients.

Interventions to modify sexual risk behaviors for preventing HIV infection in drug users (WITHDRAWN)

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Semaan ◽  
D Des Jarlais ◽  
E Sogolow ◽  
G Ramirez ◽  
N Norman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Sexual Risk Behaviors
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