scholarly journals Changing Environmental Influences on Substance Use Across Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Dick ◽  
Jason L. Pagan ◽  
Richard Viken ◽  
Shaun Purcell ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Adolescent Smoking ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Adolescent Drinking ◽  
Twin Models

AbstractIn contrast to many phenotypes that have been studied using twin designs, substance use shows considerable evidence of environmental influence. Accordingly, specifying the relevant environments and understanding the nature of their effects is an important research priority. Twin studies also have demonstrated that the importance of genetic and environmental influences varies across development for a variety of behavioral outcomes, including substance use. Here, we report analyses exploring moderating effects associated with parenting and peer characteristics on adolescent smoking and drinking, measured at ages 14 and 17. We find significant evidence of moderating effects associated with two dimensions of parenting (parental monitoring and time spent in activities with parents) on adolescent smoking, measured at two time points across development, but no moderating effects on adolescent drinking. Genetic influences on smoking increased, and common environmental effects decreased, as adolescents reported less parental monitoring and spending more time with their parents. Conversely, we find evidence that adolescent drinking is more strongly influenced by peer characteristics. The importance of genetic predispositions was increased among adolescents who reported more friends who used alcohol. These analyses illustrate the importance of incorporating measured aspects of the environment into genetically informative twin models to begin to understand how specific environments are related to various outcomes. Furthermore, they illustrate the importance of using a developmental perspective to understand how specific influences may vary across different ages, and across different phenotypes.

scholarly journals Perceived Family Cohesion Moderates Environmental Influences on Prosocial Behavior in Nigerian Adolescent Twins

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Jeanette Taylor ◽  
Hoe-Uk Jeong ◽  
Min-Seo Park ◽  
Brett C. Haberstick
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Shared Environmental Influence ◽  
Sex Limitation

Research shows that perceived family cohesion is positively related to prosocial behavior in adolescents. In this study, we investigated heritability of prosocial behavior (PB) and perceived family cohesion (FC) among Nigerian twins attending public schools in Lagos State, Nigeria (mean age = 14.7 years, SD = 1.7 years), and explored the issue of whether children's perception of cohesive family environment moderated genetic and environmental influences on (PB). The PB scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the FC scale of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III were completed by 2,376 twins (241 monozygotic (MZ) male, 354 MZ female, 440 dizygotic (DZ) male, 553 DZ female, and 788 opposite-sex DZ twins). A general sex-limitation and the bivariate genotype by environment interaction (G×E) models were applied to the data. The general sex-limitation model showed no significant sex differences, indicating that additive genetic and non-shared environmental influences were, 38% (95% CI = 31, 46) and 62% (95% CI = 54, 69) for PB and 33% (95% CI = 24, 40) and 67% (95% CI = 60, 76) for FC in both sexes. These estimates were similar to those found in Western and Asian twin studies to date. The correlation between PB and FC was 0.36. The best-fitting bivariate G×E model indicated that FC significantly moderated non-shared environmental influence unique to PB (E×E interaction). Specifically, non-shared environmental contributions to PB were highest when FC was lowest, and decreased as the levels of FC increased. However, genetic variances in PB were stable across all levels of FC. These findings suggest that FC reduces individual differences in PB by changing non-shared environmental experiences rather than genetic factors in PB.

scholarly journals Parental monitoring moderates the importance of genetic and environmental influences on adolescent smoking.

2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Dick ◽  
Richard Viken ◽  
Shaun Purcell ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio ◽  
Lea Pulkkinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Adolescent Smoking

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Adoption Study of Substance Use Behavior in Adolescence

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke M. Huibregtse ◽  
Robin P. Corley ◽  
Sally J. Wadsworth ◽  
Joanna M. Vandever ◽  
John C. DeFries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Sibling Correlations ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Although cross-sectional twin studies have assessed the genetic and environmental etiologies of substance use during adolescence and early adulthood, comparisons of results across different samples, measures, and cohorts are problematic. While several longitudinal twin studies have investigated these issues, few corroborating adoption studies have been conducted. The current study is the first to estimate the magnitude of genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental influences on substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana) from ages 14 to 18 years, using a prospective longitudinal adoption design. Adoptive and control sibling correlations provided substantial evidence for early genetic effects on cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use/no use. Shared environmental effects were relatively modest, except for alcohol use, which showed increases in late adolescence (age 17 to 18 years). Sibling similarity for quantity/frequency of use also support additive genetic influences across adolescence, with some shared environmental influences for all three substances. To test the stability of these influences across time, a series of independent pathway models were run to explore common and age-specific influences. For all substances, there were minimal age-specific additive genetic and shared environmental influences on quantity/frequency of use. Further, there was a trend toward increasing genetic influences on cigarette and alcohol use across ages. Genetic influences on marijuana were important early, but did not contribute substantially at age 17 and 18 years. Overall, the findings indicate that genetic influences make important contributions to the frequency/quantity of substance use in adolescence, and suggest that new genetic influences may emerge in late adolescence for cigarette and alcohol use.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental influences on gambling disorder liability: a replication and combined analysis of two twin studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1705-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christal N. Davis ◽  
Wendy S. Slutske ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin ◽  
Arpana Agrawal ◽  
Michael T. Lynskey
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Combined Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Twin Models ◽  
Multiple Threshold

AbstractBackgroundGambling disorder (GD), recognized in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5) as a behavioral addiction, is associated with a range of adverse outcomes. However, there has been little research on the genetic and environmental influences on the development of this disorder. This study reports results from the largest twin study of GD conducted to date.MethodsReplication and combined analyses were based on samples of 3292 (mean age 31.8, born 1972–79) and 4764 (mean age 37.7, born 1964–71) male, female, and unlike-sex twin pairs from the Australian Twin Registry. Univariate biometric twin models estimated the proportion of variation in the latent GD liability that could be attributed to genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors, and whether these differed quantitatively or qualitatively for men and women.ResultsIn the replication study, when using a lower GD threshold, there was evidence for significant genetic (60%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 45–76%) and unique environmental (40%; 95% CI 24–56%), but not shared environmental contributions (0%; 95% CI 0–0%) to GD liability; this did not significantly differ from the original study. In the combined analysis, higher GD thresholds (such as one consistent with DSM-5 GD) and a multiple threshold definitions of GD yielded similar results. There was no evidence for quantitative or qualitative sex differences in the liability for GD.ConclusionsTwin studies of GD are few in number but they tell a remarkably similar story: substantial genetic and unique environmental influences, with no evidence for shared environmental contributions or sex differences in GD liability.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Executive Functions and Intelligence in the ABCD Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M Freis ◽  
Claire Morrison ◽  
Jeffrey M. Lessem ◽  
John K. Hewitt ◽  
Naomi P. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Twin Studies

Executive functions (EFs) and intelligence (IQ) are phenotypically correlated and heritable; however, they show variable genetic correlations in twin studies spanning childhood to middle age. We analyzed data from over 11,000 children (9-10-year-olds, including 749 twin pairs) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine the phenotypic and genetic relations between EFs and IQ in childhood. We identified two EF factors – Common EF and Updating-Specific, which were both related to IQ (rs = .64-.81). Common EF and IQ were heritable (53-67%), and their genetic correlation (rG = .86) was not significantly different than 1. These results suggest that EFs and IQ are phenotypically but not genetically separable in middle childhood.

scholarly journals Sex differences and developmental stability in genetic and environmental influences on psychoactive substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1907-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baker ◽  
H. H. Maes ◽  
H. Larsson ◽  
P. Lichtenstein ◽  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Substance Consumption

BackgroundGenetic and environmental factors are important in the etiology of substance use. However, little is known about the stability of these factors across development. We aimed to answer three crucial questions about this etiology that have never been addressed in a single study: (1) Is there a general vulnerability to substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood? (2) If so, do the genetic and environmental influences on this vulnerability change across development? (3) Do these developmental processes differ in males and females?MethodSubjects included 1480 twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development who have been followed since 1994. Prospective, self-reported regular smoking, alcohol intoxication and illicit drug use were assessed at ages 13–14, 16–17 and 19–20 years. Structural modeling was performed with the program Mx.ResultsAn underlying common factor accounted for the association between smoking, alcohol and illicit drug consumption for the three age groups. Common genetic and shared environmental effects showed substantial continuity. In general, as participants aged, the influence of the shared environment decreased, and genetic effects became more substance specific in their effect.ConclusionsThe current report answers three important questions in the etiology of substance use. The genetic and environmental risk for substance consumption is partly mediated through a common factor and is partly substance specific. Developmentally, evidence was strongest for stability of common genetic effects, with less evidence for genetic innovation. These processes seem to be the same in males and females.

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