Genetic Etiology of Reading Difficulties in Boys and Girls

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 594-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally J. Wadsworth ◽  
John C. DeFries
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Genetic Etiology ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Current Sample ◽  
Using Data

AbstractAlthough it has been suggested that genetic influences on reading difficulties may differ in boys and girls, results obtained from previous analyses of data from same-sex twin pairs have failed to provide evidence for a differential genetic etiology of reading disability (RD) as a function of gender. However, results of a recent study in which data from both same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs were analyzed indicated a higher heritability for reading difficulties in boys (Harlaar et al., 2005). Because the current sample of twin pairs tested in the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center is substantially larger than that analyzed for our previous report (Wadsworth et al., 2000), this hypothesis was tested more rigorously using data from both same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs in our current augmented sample. Composite reading scores from 634 twin pairs were subjected to DeFries–Fulker sex-limitation analysis using the model-fitting approach of Purcell and Sham (2003). Analysis of data from the combined sample of male and female twins indicated that genetic influences account for more than half the proband reading deficit (h2g = .58). When this model was extended to test for gender differences in the magnitude of genetic influences on RD, h2g estimates were somewhat higher for females than for males (.63 and .53, respectively), but the difference was nonsignificant (p > .3). A test for qualitative gender differences was also nonsignificant. Thus, these results provide little evidence for a differential genetic etiology of RD in boys and girls.

2. The Formation and Recognition of Adult Relationships:

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Gaffney-Rhys
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Forced Marriage ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Adult Relationships ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter considers the formation and recognition of adult relationships i.e. marriage, same-sex marriage, civil partnerships and cohabitation. The questions included in this chapter cover: the right to marry contained in article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights; forced marriage; the difference between opposite-sex marriage, same-sex marriage and civil partnerships and the difference between marriage and cohabitation.

Does Sharing the Same Class in School Improve Cognitive Abilities of Twins?

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinand Webbink ◽  
David Hay ◽  
Peter M. Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
School Based ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Unobserved Effects ◽  
Class Assignment

AbstractThis article analyzes the effect of classroom separation of twins on their cognitive abilities, measured at different ages in Dutch primary education. We use a large longitudinal school-based sample of twins and their classmates. The analysis tries to reduce the bias by unobserved factors due to the nonrandom assignment of twins by taking into account differences in school environment, previous test scores and variation in class assignment between years. We find that classroom separation matters for language in Grade 2. Nonseparated twins score higher on language, and the difference is larger for same-sex pairs. This finding is robust for various methods that take unobserved effects into account. In addition, there is some evidence for higher scores in arithmetic in Grade 2. For the higher grades we find no effect of classroom separation on cognitive ability. In the analysis of the effect of a separation of at least 3 years we find that separation increases language performance between Grade 6 and 8 for opposite-sex pairs.

Comparing Violence Over the Life Span in Samples of Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Cohabitants

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Tjaden ◽  
Nancy Thoennes ◽  
Christine J. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Male Couples ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Using data from a nationally representative telephone survey that was conducted from November 1995 to May 1996, this study compares lifetime experiences with violent victimization among men and women with a history of same-sex cohabitation and their counterparts with a history of marriage and/or opposite-sex cohabitation only. The study found that respondents who had lived with a same-sex intimate partner were significantly more likely than respondents who had married or lived with an opposite-sex partner only to have been: (a) raped as minors and adults; (b) physically assaulted as children by adult caretakers; and (c) physically assaulted as adults by all types of perpetrators, including intimate partners. The study also confirms previous reports that intimate partner violence is more prevalent among gay male couples than heterosexual couples. However, it contradicts reports that intimate partner violence is more prevalent among lesbian couples than heterosexual couples. Overall study findings suggest that intimate partner violence is perpetrated primarily by men, whether against same-sex or opposite-sex partners.

scholarly journals SELF-PERCEPTION OF SPORTING ABILITIES OF FEMALE ATHLETES WHEN COMPARED WITH SAME-SEX AND OPPOSITE-SEX ATHLETES

2021 ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Jovana Trbojević ◽  
Jelica Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Physical Endurance ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Opposite Sex

The aim of this study is to determine how top-level female soccer and volleyball players, and young, cadet and junior female volleyball players view themselves, their abilities, and their specific motor skills for sport in relation to other female and male athletes. In Study 1, the sample consisted of 24 female top soccer and volleyball players of the highest sporting rank in Serbia. In Study 2, the sample consisted of 31 female cadet and junior volleyball players. They all filled out a brief questionnaire regarding self-perception about their sporting abilities, when compared with same-sex and opposite-sex athletes of the same rank, sport and age. The results of Study 1 show that female top soccer and volleyball players perceive themselves as less competent when compared with male athletes of the same sport and age (t(22)=5.97, p=.00). The results of Study 2 show that female cadet and junior volleyball players perceive themselves as less competent in Serve strength (t(29)=3.27, p=.030) and Physical endurance and strength (t(29)=2.52, p=.017) when compared with male volleyball players of the same age. The obtained results call for further examination of gender differences in perceived self-competence.

Gender Differences in Children's and Parents' Social Support Perceptions

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy Matthewson ◽  
Rosanne Burton Smith ◽  
Iain Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mother Child Relationships ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Parent Child

AbstractThere are limited studies investigating gender differences within the father–child and mother–child relationships with regard to social support provisions within these relationships. This study aimed to explore gender unity in children's and parents' perceptions of social support within the parent–child relationship. The participants included 91 families who completed measures of social support satisfaction and social support effectiveness. Results were contrary to the gender unity assumption. Findings indicated that mothers and fathers provide different types of support to their children regardless of their child's sex. Further, this study demonstrated the importance of father–child interactions and the need to further investigate the types of support fathers provide their children. This study explored gender differences in social support perceptions within the parent–child relationship. It investigated if mothers and fathers perceive the support they provide their children with is differentiated according to whether their child is a son or a daughter (i.e., gender unity). In this study, gender unity relates to whether parents consider themselves to be more effective in their support provisions to their same-sex child than to their opposite-sex child. Moreover, gender unity also pertains to whether children are more satisfied with the support provided by their same-sex parent than their opposite-sex parent. It is therefore important to define social support in order to understand it within the context of the parent-child relationship.

scholarly journals Compatibility and Conflict: Negotiation of Relationships by Dizygotic Same-Sex Twin Girls

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Danby ◽  
Karen Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Conflict Negotiation ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Twin Children ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractThis article conceptualizes the child as having active agency in the constructions of their social worlds, and reports on a study that understands the twin experiences from the perspectives of the twins. It examines how twins account for their relationships with their co-twins. The study drew on accounts of 60 twin children — 10 monozygotic (MZ), 10 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex, 10 DZ opposite-sex pairs — aged 5 to 10 years and their parent (n = 30). The children engaged in a sticker activity in which they represented their friendships, including their friendship with their co-twin. Using the task as a resource, the children were asked about their friends, the attributes of friendship and examples of everyday friendships encounters. These were audio-recorded and transcribed. Further, parents completed a questionnaire that provided demographic information and asked parents about the children's social experiences including twin children's time spent together, shared interests and their co-twin relationship. Using data from the pictorial representation from the sticker task and parent questionnaires, differences in relationship between MZ, DZ same-sex and DZ opposite-sex twins were examined and used to select a smaller sample for detailed study. DZ same-sex twins tended to view their co-twin less favorably and there was a nonsignificant trend in which conflict was elevated, compared to the other two groups. Based on these findings, the transcripts selected for analysis focuses on the DZ same-sex girls. The girls reported that they had differences of thought, activity and self-presentation. Conflict, competition and challenge as types of social interaction were described, suggesting that the everyday relationship of the twin with her co-twin is always being negotiated and realigned. Evident here is the complexity of social interactions in which the twins engaged everyday with each other.

‘My Bed or Our Bed?’: Gendered Negotiations in the Sleep of Same-Sex Couples

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Kirkman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Couple Relationships ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Sleeping Arrangements ◽  
Depth Interviews

Sexuality as well as gender can be added to the range of socio-structural factors that influence the social patterning of sleep. This paper draws on in-depth interviews with 20 women and men aged between 45 – 65 years in same-sex couple relationships to examine how they negotiate their sleeping arrangements. The paper contends that gender differences are evident in how these negotiations are played out in the bedroom with women and men in same-sex relationships mirroring some of the patterns demonstrated in the research about women and men in opposite-sex couple relationships. However there are also differences, both between the same-sex women and men, and also when compared with the research concerned with the sleep negotiations between opposite-sex couples. These differences relate to the strategies used in managing a same-sex coupled identity with sharing a bed part of this management.

scholarly journals The Gender Difference in Association between Home-Based Environment and Different Physical Behaviors of Chinese Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8120
Author(s):  
Xiao Hou ◽  
Jing-Min Liu ◽  
Zheng-Yan Tang ◽  
Bing Ruan ◽  
Xu-Yao Cao
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Role Modeling ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Parent Child

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the home-based physical activity (PA) environmental characteristics, and different types of physical behavior level of adolescents in different genders, and explore the impact of different domains of home-based PA environmental factors on different physical behaviors of adolescents in different genders. Methods: Five hundred forty-four adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years old (males: n = 358, females: n = 186) and their parents were analyzed in this cross-sectional survey. The volume of various physical behaviors of all adolescent subjects were measured by the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer, and the level in different domains of home-based environmental characteristics were assessed by the Gattshall’s home-based PA environment questionnaire, which was answered by adolescents’ parents. The difference in the volume of different physical behaviors was examined using Kruskal–Wallis analysis. The difference in home physical environment and home social environment for adolescents was examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple linear regression analysis in the adjusted model was used to evaluate the influence of different home-based PA environmental domains (PA availability, PA accessibility, Parental role-modeling of PA, and Parental policies around PA) on different physical behaviors (sedentary behavior, SB; light-intensity physical activity, LPA; and moderate-vigorous physical activity, MVPA) of adolescents (boys and girls). Results: The volume of LPA and MVPA, the score of PA accessibility in the home physical environment, and the score of home social environment of boys are significantly higher than those of girls, while the SB volume of boys is significantly lower than that of girls. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads are significantly associated with adolescents’ decreased SB and increased LPA and MVPA. Conclusion: There is significant gender difference in adolescents’ physical behaviors and home-based environmental characteristics, as well as in the association between adolescents’ physical behaviors and their home-based environment. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads can significantly promote adolescents’ healthy physical behaviors.

Femininity and Fertility in Sisters with Twin Brothers: Prenatal Androgenization? Cross-Sex Socialization?

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Rose ◽  
Jaakko Kaprio ◽  
Torsten Winter ◽  
Danielle M. Dick ◽  
Richard J. Viken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Matched Samples

Are sisters of twin brothers behaviorally or physiologically masculinized? Prenatal exposure to their brothers' androgens and postnatal socialization experiences unique to girls growing up with twin brothers might influence their attitudes, pubertal development, and reproductive histories. To investigate, we studied age- and cohort-matched samples of Finnish sisters from same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs. Using data from two ongoing longitudinal studies of consecutive birth cohorts of Finnish twins, we assessed pubertal development at ages 11 and 14 and endorsement of attitudes associated with femininity at age 16. We also studied fertility in Finnish women from same- and opposite-sex twin pairs born from 1958 through 1971, obtaining information on their child-bearing histories when they were ages 15 to 28. Results of each comparison were unambiguously negative: There was no evidence of differences between sisters from same- and opposite-sex twin pairs, and thus, no evidence of either androgenization or cross-sex socialization.

Challenging Heteronormativity: An Analysis of the Effect of Sexual Orientation on Earnings in Spain

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2199318
Author(s):  
M. José González ◽  
İbrahim Sönmez
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Degree

Using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey between 2006 and 2018, we explore whether sexual orientation causes wage differences for partnered women and men in Spain. The study confirms that men in same-sex couples significantly earn less than men in opposite-sex couples, confirming our hypothesis for the “hegemonic masculinity premium.” Women in same-sex couples also outearn women in opposite-sex couples, but this effect disappears after controlling for differences in human capital characteristics. Despite the high degree of social acceptance of homosexuality in Spain, partnered gay men are not able to avoid the negative earnings effects of discrimination in the labor market.

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