scholarly journals Burial Constructions of the Population of Abrau Penninsula in the Early Iron Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-82
Author(s):  
Malyshev A. ◽  
◽  
Gorlanov S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Western Caucasus ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Rite

Cultural and ethnic belonging and ethnogenesis of inhabitants of the Black Sea foothills of Northern-Western Caucasus is an object of long-time discussions. Patterns of funeral constructions of Anapa-Novorossiisk neighbourhood in the Iron Age could provide diametric different conclusions. Study of data of the Early Iron Age funeral constructions helps to discover traditions of the population of the Abrau peninsula of the Bronze Age, who used stone for burial places. Remarkable change of ancient tradition connected with replacement and assimilation of aborigines appeared after the middle of the 4th century BC with the distribution of the Bospor Kingdom influence in the region. Archaeological material demonstrates appearance of the local “ellinistic” elite and the cultivation of the steppe space of the Anapa valley by the settlers from theKuban region. They brought burial rite in ground pits and in tombs. At the beginning of new millennium burial culture became standard for all Abrau peninsula. Only in the necropolises of the south-west of the region it intricately intertwined with the traditions of the aboriginal population of the foothills.

The earliest horse-bits of western Europe

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 425-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Balkwill
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Rite

Within recent years, much attention has been focused on the earliest objects of harness which have long been noticed in the archaeological record. They are a matter of some importance in the perception of social structure from extant remains; Kossack (1954) presented strong arguments in favour of interpreting, in this manner, the early Hallstatt (Ha C) horse harness from Bavarian graves. Other major publications have since added to the picture of widespread, supposedly aristocratic adoption of harness and wagons in association with burial rite (northern and central Italy in the Early Iron Age, von Hase 1969; the Iberian peninsula in the same period, Schüle 1969; the Middle Danube to the Russian Steppes and to the Asian hinterland, Potratz 1966). Nor has the thesis of Gallus and Horvath (1939) been ignored, and the activities of ‘Thraco-Cimmerian’ cavalry still play a large part in the interpretation of west European horse harness. Already in 1954, however, Kossack observed the continuing elements of native, western Urnfield Europe in the entirely new combinations of grave-goods in Ha C and he indicated that the cheekpieces, while being modelled closely on the lines of preceding types found in the region of the Middle Danube, were, in fact, local variants chiefly concentrated in the graves of Bohemia and Bavaria. That western Europe had long had its own forms of cheekpiece was demonstrated by Thrane in 1963, yet the mouthpieces themselves have received no consolidated attention. This paper is an attempt to redress the balance, by gathering together the earliest metal bits in Europe west of Slovakia and Hungary, in order to see what light they throw on the problems of continuity and transition at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age.

Borodino, Seima and their Contemporaries: Key Sites for the Bronze Age Chronology of Eastern Europe

1957 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 143-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Gimbutas
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
North West ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Central Caucasus ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
The Bronze Age

The hoard from Borodino, north-west of the Black Sea, and the cemetery of Seima in central Russia are the best known names in the literature dealing with the Bronze Age of eastern Europe. On the alleged dates of Borodino and Seima the whole structure of the Bronze Age chronology of Russia and even Siberia is built.Tallgren in his Pontide Préscythique (1926) and in his earlier publications dated the Borodino and Seima finds to the period from 1300–1100 B.C. This date was used by many other archæologists. Tallgren based his views on analogies between Borodino and Koban axes (Tallgren 1926, 140) which actually do not exist. Koban axes are different; they belong to the Koban culture of the early Iron Age in the central Caucasus around the end of the second millennium B.C. The Borodino hoard is definitely earlier than the Koban culture. Another indication of a more or less absolute date of the Borodino hoard is the similarity of the ornamental motifs executed on the Borodino pin with those on the gold buttons from Shaft-Graves Nos. IV and V of Mycenæ. This relationship was already indicated by Spitsyn (1916).

scholarly journals Burials of the Early Iron Age of the Kurgans Cemetery “Bogomolnye Peski-I”

2020 ◽  
pp. 279-305
Author(s):  
Alexey Timofeev ◽  
◽  
Damir Soloviov ◽  
Georgiy Stukalov ◽  
Dmitriy Vasiliev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Rite

The article is dedicated to the publication of the materials of burials from the Early Iron Age, discovered during excavations of a crumbling kurgan which is a part of the cemetery “Bogomolnye Peski-I” close to the village of Nikolskoye, Enotaevsky district, Astrakhan region. In total, 14 burials were investigated during the rescue excavations, two of them relate to the Middle Ages, other seven belong to the Bronze Age. The article describes in detail 5 burials of the Early Iron Age. The dating of the burials is defined based on the materials and details of the burial rite. The earliest burial (No. 2) dates back to the Savromat era. It contained a decapitated rams carcase and a molded pot which is typical of assumed era. The rest of the burials belong to the Middle Sarmatian period (1st – 2nd centuries AD). One of the Middle Sarmatian burials was completely destroyed by robbers in ancient times. It was possible to find a lot of gold stripes of clothes among its containment, as well as a bronze cauldron with a tamga. Plaques and stripes are not typical of either the Savromat or the early Sarmatian cultures. Indeed, they are widely used in prestigious burials of the Middle Sarmatian culture. The burials No. 5 and No. 13, accompanied by a rich inventory, are of the greatest interest. A set of gold decorations for a funeral veil and a belt set of gold with turquoise inserts were found in burial No.5, which belong to the products of the Sarmatian polychrome style, typical of the Middle Sarmatian period. In addition, a gilded bronze dish related to Roman provincial dishes and an alabaster vessel were discovered there – a typical find of the Middle Sarmatian era. In burial No. 12, the most interesting findings, in addition to a large number of various beads, are intaglio gemstones made of red glass with plots of ancient mythology depicted on them, which are unique in their own way. Moreover, an interesting vessel shaped as a bird (duck) was found there as well. The close analogs to the latter are known in cemeteries of the 1st – 2nd centuries AD in the Kuban region. A feature of this kurgan is a large number of inlet burials of the Middle Sarmatian culture, whereas in general, the burials under individual mounds predominate in the Middle Sarmatian epoch. Key words: early Iron Age, barrow, Lower Volga region, Sarmatians, burial rite.

scholarly journals Kinship, Marriage and Traces of Social Interaction - Aspects on the hunter-gatherer societies in northern Sweden during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Hans Bolin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
Ceramic Ware ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Bronze Age

A central problem in the explanation and description of decentralized hunter-gatherer societies is what kind of traces different sorts of social interaction will leave in the archaeological material. It is here suggested that the distribution of asbestos-tempered ceramic ware in northern Sweden during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age was a result of the social interaction between different groups. The decoration on the cermic ware is suggested to represent traces of intermarriage relations. It is further argued that the hunter-gatherer societies were open to interaction with other groups and individuals.

Nuragic Settlement Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Namirski
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Settlement Dynamics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Bronze Age

The book is a study of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Nuragic settlement dynamics in two selected areas of the east coast Sardinia, placing them in a wider context of Central Mediterranean prehistory. Among the main issues addressed are the relationship between settlement and ritual sites, the use of coastline, and a chronology of settlement.

scholarly journals THE OLDEST ROCK ART SITES OF THE KARATAU RANGE: PETROGLYPHS OF KARASUYIR

2022 ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
С. С. Мургабаев ◽  
Л. Д. Малдыбекова
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена новому памятнику наскального искусства хребта Каратау, открытому в урочище Карасуйир. Приводится краткое описание памятника, публикуются наиболее важные изображения. Сюжеты и стилистические особенности основной чaсти петроглифов памятника Карасуйир связаны с эпохой бронзы, остaльные рисунки отнесены к эпохе рaннего железа и, возможно, к эпохе камня. Для некоторых из них предложена предварительная интерпретация. The article is devoted to a new rock art site of the Karatau Range, discovered in the Karasuyir Area. A brief description of the site is provided, and the most important images are published. Subjects and stylistic features of the main part of Karasuyir petroglyphs are associated with the Bronze Age, and other engravings are related to the early Iron Age and, perhaps, to the Stone Age. A preliminary interpretation is proposed for some of them.

The organization of flint processing in the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age: the example of the workshops at Nieborowa in central-eastern Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Boroń
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The Bronze Age

Zusammenfassung:Die Fundstelle Nieborowa – im zentral-östlichen Polen an der Grenze zu der Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Seenplatte und den Chełm Hügeln gelegen – wurde von Halina Mackiewicz (Institut für die Geschichte der Materiellen Kultur [seit 1992 Institut für Archäologie und Ethnologie der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften]) in den Jahren 1964–1977 untersucht. Auf einem Gebiet von über 3500 mDer Lagerplatz bestand aus vier Werkstätten – zwei planigraphisch abgegrenzte (A, B) und zwei auf Basis der zusammengefügten Elemente rekonstruierte Werkstätten (C, D). Alle Werkstätten wiesen einen Durchmesser von etwa 1 m auf, die Entfernung zwischen ihnen betrug zwischen 1 und 3 m. Übereinstimmende Beobachtungen wie die Verwendung gleicher Feuersteinmaterialien und die Anwendung identischer Techniken zur Kernbearbeitung erlauben die Annahme gleichzeitig arbeitender Werkstätten. Die Distribution der Artefakte, die Struktur der Zusammenlegungen, die Homogenität des Feuersteininventars und die Separierung der Werkplätze zur Kernbearbeitung innerhalb jeder Werkstatt sprechen für eine singulär erfolgte Ansiedlung.Im Fall der besprochenen Werkstätten konnte erkannt werden, dass die Organisation der Bearbeitung des lokalen Feuersteinrohstoffes nach einem wiederkehrenden Schema erfolgte.

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