scholarly journals Causality in physical processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shariq Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Elastic Equilibrium ◽  
Coulomb Force ◽  
Seed Particle ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
The Universe

A mathematical model is presented that describes how the diverse phenomena in nature can arise from a common foundation rooted in an objective framework of relational causality. Key equations of conventional physical theories are derived anew. Rigorous derivations are shown for such fundamental relationships as the Schrödinger equation, Bohr’s formula for the hydrogen spectrum, Newton’s gravitational law, Coulomb’s electrostatic law, Compton shift formula, and other principal equations of electromagnetism, atomic theory, optics, and thermodynamics. Nuclear forces that bind nucleons and pry them apart are shown to arise from a single universal electrostatic force that also gives rise to the Coulomb force. Dark matter is shown to be an ever-present material content that subsists in the fabric of space everywhere. The precise value of Coulomb’s constant is derived on purely theoretical grounds, while hitherto unknown values are predicted for the electric dipole moments of electrons and protons. The first of three components of the core hypothesis of this model is that there exists a primordial seed particle of which all that lies in the universe is ultimately composed, and that it is defined by Planck’s constant. Space is modeled as a lattice of contiguous cells that are composed entirely of these particles, and are inherently elastic. The second component is that the universe evolves temporally through a recursive process, emulating a system of cellular automata. The third component stipulates that any compression produced in a cell by its ambient conditions generates potential energy according to classical elasticity. Thus, every cell seeks to minimize its stored potential energy at each step in its temporal evolution, in pursuit of elastic equilibrium. This core hypothesis in respect to the physical character of space, time, and energy is shown to lead logically to a universal dynamic that gives rise to the physical effects observed in nature at every scale.

scholarly journals Causality in physical processes: Planck's quantum of action and universal non-equilibrium dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shariq Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Elastic Equilibrium ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Inertial Mass ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Seed Particle ◽  
Mathematical Relationships ◽  
The Universe

This paper presents a new theoretical model that describes how the diverse phenomena in nature arise from a common source of universal causality. Key mathematical relationships of conventional physical theories are derived anew within an objective framework of shared principles. Rigorous derivations are shown for such fundamental relationships as the Schrödinger equation, Newton’s gravitational law, Coulomb’s electrostatic law and a range of other time-tested equations related to atomic phenomena, electric charge and optics. Also formulated are the precise mechanics underlying the emergence of the second law of thermodynamics, the formation of subatomic particles and the creation of electric charge, while hitherto unknown values are predicted for such physical quantities as the electric dipole moments of electrons and protons. The first component of the three-part core hypothesis of this model is the ontological proposition that there exists a primordial seed particle of which all that lies in the universe, including all of space and matter, is ultimately composed. Defined by the numerical value of Planck’s constant, this ubiquitous particle constitutes the very source of inertial mass as well as energy in each of its numerous forms. Space is modeled as a lattice of contiguous cells, each of which is a discrete packet composed entirely of these particles, while every cell is autonomous and possesses elasticity. The second component of the hypothesis is that the universe evolves temporally through a recursive process, emulating a system of cellular automata. The third component stipulates that any compression or decompression of a cell caused by prevailing conditions in its ambient system generates potential energy according to classical elasticity, which in turn induces a propensity in the cell to reduce its potential energy maximally at each step in the temporal evolution of the system, in pursuit of elastic equilibrium. This hypothesis in respect to the physical character of space, time, and energy is shown to lead logically to the emergence of a universal dynamic that gives rise to the multiplicity of physical effects observed in nature at every scale.

scholarly journals Condensational uptake of semivolatile organic compounds in gasoline engine exhaust onto pre-existing inorganic particles

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3461-3492
Author(s):  
S.-M. Li ◽  
J. Liggio ◽  
L. Graham ◽  
G. Lu ◽  
J. Brook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Particle Mass ◽  
Seed Particle ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Inorganic Particles

Abstract. This paper presents the results of laboratory studies on the condensational uptake of gaseous organic compounds in the exhaust of a light-duty gasoline engine onto preexisting sulfate and nitrate seed particles. Significant condensation of the gaseous organic compounds in the exhaust occurs onto pre-existing inorganic particles on a time scale of 2–5 min. The amount of condensed organic mass (COM) is proportional to the seed particle mass, suggesting that the uptake is due to dissolution, not adsorption. The solubility decreases as a power function with increased dilution of the exhaust, ranging from 0.23 g/g at a dilution ratio of 81, to 0.025 g/g at a dilution ratio of 2230. The solubility increases nonlinearly with increasing concentration of the total hydrocarbons in the gas phase (THC), rising from 0.12 g/g to 0.26 g/g for a CTHC increase of 1 to 18 μg m−3, suggesting that more organics are partitioned into the particles at higher gas phase concentrations. In terms of gas-particle partitioning, the condensational uptake of THC gases in gasoline engine exhaust can account for up to 30% of the total gas+particle THC. By incorporating the present findings, regional air quality modelling results suggest that the condensational uptake of THC onto sulfate particles alone can be comparable to the primary particle mass under moderately polluted ambient conditions. These findings are important for modelling and regulating the air quality impacts of gasoline vehicular emissions.

scholarly journals GFN2-xTB - an Accurate and Broadly Parametrized Self-Consistent Tight-Binding Quantum Chemical Method with Multipole Electrostatics and Density-Dependent Dispersion Contributions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Bannwarth ◽  
Sebastian Ehlert ◽  
Stefan Grimme
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Tight Binding ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Conformational Space ◽  
Semiempirical Methods ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Binding Model ◽  
Molecular Systems

An extended semiempirical tight-binding model is presented, which is primarily designed for the fast calculation of structures and non-covalent interactions energies for molecular systems with roughly 1000 atoms. The essential novelty in this so-called GFN2-xTB method is the inclusion of anisotropic second order density fluctuation effects via short-range damped interactions of cumulative atomic multipole moments. Without noticeable increase in the computational demands, this results in a less empirical and overall more physically sound method, which does not require any classical halogen or hydrogen bonding corrections and which relies solely on global and element-specific parameters (available up to radon, <i>Z=86</i>). Moreover, the atomic partial charge dependent D4 London dispersion model is incorporated self-consistently, which can be naturally obtained in a tight-binding picture from second order density fluctuations. Fully analytical and numerically precise gradients (nuclear forces) are implemented. The accuracy of the method is benchmarked for a wide variety of systems and compared with other semiempirical methods. Along with excellent performance for the “target” properties, we also find lower errors for “off-target” properties such as barrier heights and molecular dipole moments. High computational efficiency along with the improved physics compared to it precursor GFN-xTB makes this method well-suited to explore the conformational space of molecular systems. Significant improvements are futhermore observed for various benchmark sets, which are prototypical for biomolecular systems in aqueous solution.<br><br>

scholarly journals QTAIM-Based Local Potential Energy Model: Applications and Limitations to Quantify the Binding Energy of Intra/intermolecular Interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAIO FIRME
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Energy Model ◽  
Local Potential ◽  
Intramolecular Interactions ◽  
Energy Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Polarization Component ◽  
Classical Hydrogen Bond

<p>In previous work, we developed the local potential energy model, LPE, based on the electrostatic force and QTAIM topological data to quantify classical hydrogen bond energies. In this work, we extended the investigation to other inter/intramolecular interactions (non-conventional hydrogen bonds and others). The LPE presented high precision and linearity with supramolecular binding energy, when excluding interactions of an ion with π-bonded groups or polar molecule. The energy decomposition analysis from SAPT-DFT and LMOEDA showed that dispersion and electrostatic components are important to LPE, while polarization component impairs it. The LPE cannot be used for complexes with predominant polarization component. </p>

scholarly journals GRAVITY HEATS THE UNIVERSE

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 2201-2207
Author(s):  
ADAM MOSS ◽  
DOUGLAS SCOTT
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Gravitational Instability ◽  
Simplified Model ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The Universe

Structures in the Universe grew through gravitational instability from very smooth initial conditions. Energy conservation requires that the growing negative potential energy of these structures be balanced by an increase in kinetic energy. A fraction of this is converted into heat in the collisional gas of the intergalactic medium. Using a toy model of gravitational heating, we attempt to link the growth of structure in the Universe with the average temperature of this gas. We find that the gas is rapidly heated from collapsing structures at around z ~ 10, reaching a temperature > 106 K today, depending on some assumptions of our simplified model. Before that there was a cold era from z ~ 100 to ~10 in which the matter temperature was below that of the cosmic microwave background.

Dipole moments and conformation energies for substituted ethanes

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (16) ◽  
pp. 2049-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M. S. Gil ◽  
António J. C. Varandas
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Model Potential ◽  
Energy Functions ◽  
Electric Dipole Moments ◽  
Potential Energy Functions ◽  
Rotational Isomeric State ◽  
State Models ◽  
The Continuum

By using simple model potential energy functions for internal rotation of ethane derivatives (CH2X–CH2X and CHX2–CHX2), a comparison was made between the continuum and the rotational isomeric state models for obtaining conformation information (especially energy differences for the staggered conformers) from electric dipole moments. It is found that the results obtained by the two procedures may be appreciably different, depending on the features of the conformational energy function and on the temperature considered.

The Fundamentals and Applications of Geo-Spatial Research

2019 ◽  
pp. 1765-1778
Author(s):  
Joyce Gosata Maphanyane ◽  
Read Brown Mthanganyika Mapeo ◽  
Modupe O. Akinola
Keyword(s):  
Science Research ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
The Universe

This chapter is about the fundamentals of geo-spatial research. The Earth's make-up and position in the entirety of the universe and its systems thereof is revealed. It also categorizes the Earth movements into types, causative effects, and their measurable, predictable time beat. It resonates together with Chapter 2 to form a bigger picture. The scenario draws out whole complete discussions of geoscience study on the origins of matter, space, time and energy entities. The revelations of what is known about the Cosmos today and therefore the Universe is the painstaking work of several scientists. This knowledge is fundamental to all Geo-spatial science research. For one to successfully carry out the research of this nature, it is imperative that one is fully conversant with how the Universe and therefore the Earth and its systems function. The discussions also include a map as a reporting platform for processes of the geospatial science research.

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