scholarly journals PO-049 The Effects of Altitude Training on Erythropoietic Response and Hematological Variables in elite endurance athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuncai Fan ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Zhuowei Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hematopoietic System ◽  
Intensive Training

Objective To increase the capacity of blood oxygen-carrying of the endurance performance in athletes is the goal of altitude training. The key factor in the achievement of enhanced hematological variables is the stimulation in the hypoxia condition. Reticulocyte celles is the earliest red blood cells released to the bloods, it to be matured about 4days in the marrow. There are lots of research in the clinic tested reticulocyte can be monitor the change of the bone marrow hematopoietic system. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of altitude training on reticulocyte indices of elite endurance athletes, further to analyzes the kinetics of erythropoiesis and hematological variables during and after altitude training. Methods  The main content of high altitude training are as following: 1~2weeks before the plateau, the main content of training was special aerobic endurance training and special strength endurance training; 1~5days after plateau, the main content of training was Low intensity, relaxation of the adaptive training; 5~15day after plateau, the main content of training was Intensive training phase, the main content of training was aerobic endurance and greater intensity of the special training; 16~20 days after the plateau, adjustment training 21~25days after the plateau, the main content of training was same to the training plan of 5~15day after plateau; 2~3days after return to the sea level, adjustment training; 1~2days after return to the sea level, the mainly training content was rhythm and strength training; 2 weeks after return to the sea level, the mainly content of training was normal training, the intensity of training was greater than the intensity in the sea level. At this stage, we tested the changes of the reticulocyte indices before \after half past three weeks altitude（2366m,DuoBa,QingHai）training, to provided the basis for the develop research the influence of the bone marrow hematopoietic system. Blood parameters were collected two days before altitude training\two days after off altitude\ two weeks after altitude. All the data measured from venous blood samples (1.5~2ml) collected via venipuncture from athletes in a supine position. All the samples were tested using ADVIA120. Data were analyzed by spss17.0 software. Results MCVr/RDWr were significantly increased after altitude training, P＜0.05; CHCMr and RDWr significantly decreased after altitude training, P＜0.05; CHCMr were changed more significantly between before and after , P＜0.01; the reason why retici# was decreased were analyzed that when the athletes training in the hypoxia condition, lack of oxygen and the mechanical injury of friction resulting in a new generation of reticulocyte number was less than the number of destruction. Hb\#RETIC\RDW were changed significantly, P＜0.05; but there was no significant changed find in RBC/HCT. After two weeks off altitude, MCVr、CHCMr、#RETIC、%RETIC all had significantly changed，P＜0.05;and #RETIC，P＜0.01；Hb is significantly increased controlled to the indices which tested before the athletes went to the altitude. It indicated altitude training can stimulated the bone marrow hematopoietic system to released more reticulocyte cells.RBC and HCT were decreased in our study ,but they were not showed any  significantly changed, to analyzed that we found it was relatively large individual differences, which mean the athletes had the different reaction when they training in the plateau and after they back to the sea level; RDW was increased ,but it was not showed the significantly changes too. IRF was increased, but #RETIC\%RETIC\RBCwere decreased after back to the sea level, it showed that the #reticulocyte was not increased, it means that the consumption of the RBC was faster than the number of the erythropoiesis. The indices(CHr、MCVr、CHCMr) which correlated with the Hb contents was increased significantly, it indicated the stimulate of the hypoxia condition can enhance the synthetic of hemoglobin content, but the effect was not occur immediately, it will occurred after 2~3weeks after the athletes back to the sea level. Conclusions Because the test groups were top-level middle-long distance race athletes, they were adapt the training stimulate, so it can not make the reticulocyte indices changed solely, but in the plateau where lack of the oxygen, it will be result the bone marrow hematopoietic system to released more reticulocyte cells to satisfied the needs of the oxygen; the indices which be mutually related with Hb and #reticulocyte both showed the good effece, it indicated that there had certain effect of altitude training on erythropoiesis, but these changes did not showed immediately, it needs 2~3 weeks to occur after returning to sea level.

Skeletal muscle changes after endurance training at high altitude

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2114-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. X. Bigard ◽  
A. Brunet ◽  
C. Y. Guezennec ◽  
H. Monod
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Simulated High Altitude

The effects of endurance training on the skeletal muscle of rats have been studied at sea level and simulated high altitude (4,000 m). Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: exercise at sea level, exercise at simulated high altitude, sedentary at sea level, and sedentary at high altitude (n = 8 in each group). Training consisted of swimming for 1 h/day in water at 36 degrees C for 14 wk. Training and exposure to a high-altitude environment produced a decrease in body weight (P less than 0.001). There was a significant linear correlation between muscle mass and body weight in the animals of all groups (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001). High-altitude training enhanced the percentage of type IIa fibers in the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL, P less than 0.05) and deep portions of the plantaris muscle (dPLA, P less than 0.01). High-altitude training also increased the percentage of type IIab fibers in fast-twitch muscles. These muscles showed marked metabolic adaptations: training increased the activity levels of enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle (citrate synthase, CS) and the beta-oxidation of fatty acids (3 hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, HAD). This increase occurred mainly at high altitude (36 and 31% for HAD in EDL and PLA muscles; 24 and 31% for CS in EDL and PLA muscles). Training increased the activity of enzymes involved in glucose phosphorylation (hexokinase). High-altitude training decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity. Endurance training performed at high altitude and sea level increased the isozyme 1-to-total lactate dehydrogenase activity ratio to the same extent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hypoxic training from the athlete´s biological passport point of view

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Pupiš ◽  
Vladimír Franek ◽  
Zuzana Pupišová
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxic Training ◽  
Hypoxic Training ◽  
Biological Passport

Purpose: Hypoxic training is frequent part of preparation of endurance athletes, but in the last years there are many polemics about effects of hypoxic training on the haemato-logical parameters analysing in athlete´s biological passport. The aim of the research was to detect the effect of three different methods of hypoxic training (high altitude training, intermittent hypoxic training, sleeping in hypoxic tent) on haematological parameters which are analysing in athlete´s biological passport. Methods: Three types of hypoxic preparation were compared. The ensemble contained of 7 long-distance men race walkers (age 27.4 years (SD ± 3.6); body height 177.0 cm (SD ± 8.1); body weight 63.1 kg (SD ± 5.3). Results: We detected statistical significant increase in haemoglobin level about 12.57 g.l-1 (p 0.05), the decrease of off-score after sleeping in hypoxic tent was about 1.8 (p > 0.05) and the decrease of off-score by intermittent hypoxic training was about 5.46 (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Participation of hypoxic preparation can significantly influence parameters in athlete biological passport. According results of our research, we assume that all methods of hypoxic training can affect haematological parameters analysing in athlete´s biological passport (haemoglobin, reticulocytes).

scholarly journals Physiological aspects of altitude training and the use of altitude simulators

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 307-311
Author(s):  
Goran Rankovic ◽  
Dragan Radovanovic
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Training Stimulus ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Moderate Altitude ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Training Modalities

Altitude training in various forms is widely practiced by athletes and coaches in an attempt to improve sea level endurance. Training at high altitude may improve performance at sea level through altitude acclimatization, which improves oxygen transport and/or utilization, or through hypoxia, which intensifies the training stimulus. This basic physiological aspect allows three training modalities: live high and train high (classic high-altitude training), live low and train high (training through hypoxia), and live high and train low (the new trend). In an effort to reduce the financial and logistical challenges of traveling to high-altitude training sites, scientists and manufactures have developed artificial high-altitude environments, which simulate the hypoxic conditions of moderate altitude (2000-3000 meters). Endurance athletes from many sports have recently started using nitrogen environments, or hypoxic rooms and tents as part of their altitude training programmes. The results of controlled studies on these modalities of high-altitude training, their practical approach, and ethics are summarized.

scholarly journals Iron insufficiency diminishes the erythropoietic response to moderate altitude exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1569-1578
Author(s):  
Kazunobu Okazaki ◽  
James Stray-Gundersen ◽  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
Benjamin D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Moderate Altitude ◽  
Altitude Exposure

The effects of iron stores and supplementation on erythropoietic responses to moderate altitude in endurance athletes were examined. In a retrospective study, red cell compartment volume (RCV) responses to 4 wk at 2,500 m were assessed in athletes with low ( n = 9, ≤20 and ≤30 ng/mL for women and men, respectively) and normal ( n = 10) serum ferritin levels ([Ferritin]) without iron supplementation. In a subsequent prospective study, the same responses were assessed in athletes ( n = 26) with a protocol designed to provide sufficient iron before and during identical altitude exposure. The responses to a 4-wk training camp at sea level were assessed in another group of athletes ( n = 13) as controls. RCV and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) were determined at sea level before and after intervention. In the retrospective study, athletes with low [Ferritin] did not increase RCV (27.0 ± 2.9 to 27.5 ± 3.8 mL/kg, mean ± SD, P = 0.65) or V̇o2max (60.2 ± 7.2 to 62.2 ± 7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.23) after 4 wk at altitude, whereas athletes with normal [Ferritin] increased both (RCV: 27.3 ± 3.1 to 29.8 ± 2.4 mL/kg, P = 0.002; V̇o2max: 62.0 ± 3.1 to 66.2 ± 3.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.003). In the prospective study, iron supplementation normalized low [Ferritin] observed in athletes exposed to altitude ( n = 14) and sea level ( n = 6) before the altitude/sea-level camp and maintained [Ferritin] within normal range in all athletes during the camp. RCV and V̇o2max increased in the altitude group but remained unchanged in the sea-level group. Finally, the increase in RCV correlated with the increase in V̇o2max [( r = 0.368, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.059–0.612, P = 0.022]. Thus, iron deficiency in athletes restrains erythropoiesis to altitude exposure and may preclude improvement in sea-level athletic performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxic exposure increases iron requirements and utilization for erythropoiesis in athletes. This study clearly demonstrates that iron deficiency in athletes inhibits accelerated erythropoiesis to a sojourn to moderate high altitude and may preclude a potential improvement in sea-level athletic performance with altitude training. Iron replacement therapy before and during altitude exposure is important to maximize performance gains after altitude training in endurance athletes.

Short-Term Hematological Effects Upon Completion of a Four-Week Simulated Altitude Camp

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Pottgiesser ◽  
Laura A. Garvican ◽  
David T. Martin ◽  
Jesse M. Featonby ◽  
Christopher J. Gore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Simulated Altitude ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hematological Effects ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass ◽  
Level Performance

Hemoglobin mass (tHb) is considered to be a main factor for sea-level performance after “live high–train low” (LHTL) altitude training, but little research has focused on the persistence of tHb following cessation of altitude exposure. The aim of the case study was to investigate short-term effects of various hematological measures including tHb upon completion of a simulated altitude camp. Five female cyclists spent 26 nights at simulated altitude (LHTL, 16.6 ± 0.4 h/d, 3000 m in an altitude house) where tHb was measured at baseline, at cessation of the camp, and 9 d thereafter. Venous blood measures (hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, %reticulocytes, serum erythropoietin, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and haptoglobin) were determined at baseline; on day 21 during LHTL; and at days 2, 5, and 9 after LHTL. Hemoglobin mass increased by 5.5% (90% confidence limits [CL] 2.5 to 8.5%, very likely) after the LHTL training camp. At day 9 after simulated LHTL, tHb decreased by 3.0% (90%CL −5.1 to −1.0%, likely). There was a substantial decrease in serum EPO (−34%, 90%CL −50 to −12%) at 2 d after return to sea level and a rise in ferritin (23%, 90%CL 3 to 46%) coupled with a decrease in %reticulocytes (−23%, 90%CL −34 to −9%) between day 5 and 9 after LHTL. Our findings show that following a hypoxic intervention with a beneficial tHb outcome, there may be a high probability of a rapid tHb decrease upon return to normoxic conditions. This highlights a rapid component in red-cell control and may have implications for the appropriate timing of altitude training in relation to competition.

Sports & Exercise Medicine

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
K M Heil ◽  
A C M Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
North African ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Exercise Medicine ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractIn recent years, small scale counter-insurgency and expeditionary operations have frequently taken place in mountainous, high-altitude areas. Preparation of soldiers for these environments has typically focussed on extended stays at altitude to ensure physiological acclimatisation. However, with the likelihood that future UK deployments may be unpredictable and thus with little time for preparation, is there a means by which the same acclimatisation may be achieved? The field of athletics has been researching such adaptations since the rise of the elite North African long-distance runners in the 1960s. These athletes all lived high above sea level and had become accustomed to performing in the relatively hypoxic environment found at high altitudes. The research has focussed on eliciting physiological acclimatisation in as short a time as possible, while maintaining the ability to train at the correct intensity. In the following review of altitude training we highlight areas for future investigation and assess whether protocols developed for athletes can be applied to military personnel.

Timing of return from altitude training for optimal sea level performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 837-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
Abigail S. Laymon Stickford ◽  
Carsten Lundby ◽  
Benjamin D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Unanswered Question ◽  
Competitive Performance ◽  
Proper Timing ◽  
Biomechanical Factors ◽  
Level Performance

While a number of published studies exist to guide endurance athletes with the best practices regarding implementation of altitude training, a key unanswered question concerns the proper timing of return to sea level prior to major competitions. Evidence reviewed here suggests that, altogether, the deacclimatization responses of hematological, ventilatory, and biomechanical factors with return to sea level likely interact to determine the best timing for competitive performance.

scholarly journals Lack of Skeletal Muscle Serotonin Impairs Physical Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117864692110031
Author(s):  
Marion Falabrègue ◽  
Anne-Claire Boschat ◽  
Romain Jouffroy ◽  
Marieke Derquennes ◽  
Haidar Djemai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice

Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin have been associated with the onset of depression. While traditional treatments include antidepressants, physical exercise has emerged as an alternative for patients with depressive disorders. Yet there remains the fundamental question of how exercise is sensed by the brain. The existence of a muscle–brain endocrine loop has been proposed: according to this scenario, exercise modulates metabolization of tryptophan into kynurenine within skeletal muscle, which in turn affects the brain, enhancing resistance to depression. But the breakdown of tryptophan into kynurenine during exercise may also alter serotonin synthesis and help limit depression. In this study, we investigated whether peripheral serotonin might play a role in muscle–brain communication permitting adaptation for endurance training. We first quantified tryptophan metabolites in the blood of 4 trained athletes before and after a long-distance trail race and correlated changes in tryptophan metabolism with physical performance. In parallel, to assess exercise capacity and endurance in trained control and peripheral serotonin–deficient mice, we used a treadmill incremental test. Peripheral serotonin–deficient mice exhibited a significant drop in physical performance despite endurance training. Brain levels of tryptophan metabolites were similar in wild-type and peripheral serotonin–deficient animals, and no products of muscle-induced tryptophan metabolism were found in the plasma or brains of peripheral serotonin–deficient mice. But mass spectrometric analyses revealed a significant decrease in levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the main serotonin metabolite, in both the soleus and plantaris muscles, demonstrating that metabolization of tryptophan into serotonin in muscles is essential for adaptation to endurance training. In light of these findings, the breakdown of tryptophan into peripheral but not brain serotonin appears to be the rate-limiting step for muscle adaptation to endurance training. The data suggest that there is a peripheral mechanism responsible for the positive effects of exercise, and that muscles are secretory organs with autocrine-paracrine roles in which serotonin has a local effect.

Altitude Training in Elite Swimmers for Sea Level Performance (Altitude Project)

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1965-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
FERRAN A. RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
XAVIER IGLESIAS ◽  
BELÉN FERICHE ◽  
CARMEN CALDERÓN-SOTO ◽  
DIEGO CHAVERRI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Level Performance
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