scholarly journals Demonstrating the capacity of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization for timely responses to post-market vaccine monitoring signals: Canada’s experience with the live-attenuated influenza vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (56) ◽  
pp. 279-284
Author(s):  
Linlu Zhao ◽  
Kelsey Young ◽  
Althea House ◽  
Rob Stirling ◽  
Matthew Tunis
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Market Monitoring ◽  
Vaccine Recommendations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post Market

Over the last several years, the recommended use of the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for children has evolved in the United States (US) in response to evidence of a potential decrease in LAIV effectiveness based on post-market monitoring. These issues were not observed in Canada or elsewhere; consequently, recommendations from Canada’s National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) and the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on whether to use LAIV differed for two influenza seasons (2016–2017 and 2017–2018). This retrospective describes how NACI arrived at its recommendations in response to post-market signals of reduced LAIV performance from the US in 2013–2014 and again in 2015–2016. NACI’s experience with LAIV marks the first time in Canada where a preferential recommendation on the use of an influenza vaccine in a routine immunization program was reversed. This experience highlights the importance of ongoing post-market monitoring of vaccines, international collaboration and careful consideration of local context to inform vaccine recommendations. NACI’s capacity for timely responses to post-market vaccine performance signals will facilitate responsiveness to similar post-market monitoring signals from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines.

The Challenge of Foreign Policy in the WPS Agenda

2018 ◽  
pp. 778-791
Author(s):  
Valerie M. Hudson ◽  
Lauren Eason
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Just War ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Promote Gender Equality

Drawing on the cases of the United States and Sweden, this chapter considers the conceptual and practical issues associated with the implementation of a feminist foreign policy (FFP). While Foreign Minister Margot Wallstrom of Sweden is perhaps the most vocal and overt advocate of the concept, the US State Department under Hillary Clinton also arguably promoted policies that were feminist in nature. This chapter examines the conceptualization of the term “feminist foreign policy,” probing dimensions, contestations, and inconsistencies. It explores the inherent pitfalls and misconceptions surrounding FFP, as well as the positive contributions of policies that promote gender equality. This chapter concludes that while FFP is not inherently pacifist, it does prioritize peace, and thus engaging in military interventions and alliances requires careful consideration under feminist just war principles. Moreover, this chapter argues that the dissemination of gender equality norms act as a mechanism that facilitates a more stable, secure, and peaceful nation.

Cost-effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine versus inactivated influenza vaccine among children aged 24–59 months in the United States

Vaccine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 2841-2848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan R. Luce ◽  
Kristin L. Nichol ◽  
Robert B. Belshe ◽  
Kevin D. Frick ◽  
Su Xia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

scholarly journals Effects of Influenza Vaccination in the United States During the 2018–2019 Influenza Season

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. e368-e376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie R Chung ◽  
Melissa A Rolfes ◽  
Brendan Flannery ◽  
Pragati Prasad ◽  
Alissa O’Halloran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithm ◽  
Medical Visits ◽  
The Us

Abstract Background Multivalent influenza vaccine products provide protection against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B lineage viruses. The 2018–2019 influenza season in the United States included prolonged circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses well-matched to the vaccine strain and A(H3N2) viruses, the majority of which were mismatched to the vaccine. We estimated the number of vaccine-prevented influenza-associated illnesses, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths for the season. Methods We used a mathematical model and Monte Carlo algorithm to estimate numbers and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of influenza-associated outcomes prevented by vaccination in the United States. The model incorporated age-specific estimates of national 2018–2019 influenza vaccine coverage, influenza virus–specific vaccine effectiveness from the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network, and disease burden estimated from population-based rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations through the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Results Influenza vaccination prevented an estimated 4.4 million (95%UI, 3.4 million–7.1 million) illnesses, 2.3 million (95%UI, 1.8 million–3.8 million) medical visits, 58 000 (95%UI, 30 000–156 000) hospitalizations, and 3500 (95%UI, 1000–13 000) deaths due to influenza viruses during the US 2018–2019 influenza season. Vaccination prevented 14% of projected hospitalizations associated with A(H1N1)pdm09 overall and 43% among children aged 6 months–4 years. Conclusions Influenza vaccination averted substantial influenza-associated disease including hospitalizations and deaths in the United States, primarily due to effectiveness against A(H1N1)pdm09. Our findings underscore the value of influenza vaccination, highlighting that vaccines measurably decrease illness and associated healthcare utilization even in a season in which a vaccine component does not match to a circulating virus.

Control of Influenza in the Long-Term–Care Facility: A Review of Established Approaches and Newer Options

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy H. Arden
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Long Term Care Facility ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

AbstractInfluenza infections pose a serious threat to residents of nursing homes and other long-term–care facilities. Annual vaccination of residents and staff with the currently licensed inactivated influenza vaccine continues to be the mainstay of prevention. Live attenuated influenza vaccine, which is expected to be licensed in the United States in the near future, may offer added protection for elderly persons when administered in conjunction with inactivated vaccine. Antiviral agents also can be useful as an adjunct to vaccination, especially for control of institutional outbreaks. Two new antiviral agents that appear to be less toxic than amantadine and rimantadine have recently been approved.

scholarly journals 900. Effect of Influenza Vaccine Priming on Current Season Vaccine Effectiveness among Children and Adolescents, US Flu VE Network 2014–2015 Through 2017–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S27-S27
Author(s):  
Jessie R Chung ◽  
Brendan Flannery ◽  
Manjusha Gaglani ◽  
Evelyn Reis ◽  
Robert Hickey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Vaccine Recommendations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Children ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Optimal Protection

Abstract Background Studies have demonstrated that optimal protection against childhood influenza requires two “priming” doses of influenza vaccine in the first season of vaccination. Two doses of influenza vaccine are recommended for US children aged 6 months-8 years who received ≤1 dose in prior seasons. We examined risk of influenza among children fully or partially vaccinated during study seasons and vaccine effectiveness (VE) by the number of priming doses. Methods Analyses included children aged 6 months-17 years enrolled during outpatient visits for acute illness for ≤7 days with cough in the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network during 2014–2015 through 2017–2018. Participants’ respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by rRT-PCR. Vaccination histories back to birth year were obtained from electronic immunization records. VE was calculated by comparing vaccination odds among influenza-positive cases to test-negative controls, as 100 × (1 − odds ratio) adjusted for season, site, age, high-risk status, and calendar time. Results Of 7,583 children, 6,362 (84%) had received ≥1 dose in their lifetime. Among vaccinated children, 90% were primed prior to the enrollment season, and 80% were primed prior to age 2 years. Most (55%) received two priming doses in their first season. Among children recommended to receive two priming doses in the enrollment season, receipt of two doses vs. one was associated with a lower risk of influenza illness (aOR: 0.60; 95% CL: 0.36, 1.00). VE of ≥1 dose in the enrollment season against any influenza among unprimed children was 53% (95% CL: 36, 66). VE of ≥1 dose in the enrollment season was similar among children primed with one dose in their first season (46%; 95% CL: 34, 55) and among those primed with two doses (46%; 95% CL: 35, 55). Overall results were similar when stratified by age and for A/H3N2 viruses, which predominated during study years. Conclusion Among the US children recommended to receive two priming doses of vaccine in the enrollment season, receipt of two doses provided optimal protection. VE in seasons after the priming did not differ by the number of priming doses. Results were driven by predominance of A/H3N2 viruses and may not be similar for A/H1N1pdm09 or B viruses. Current US influenza vaccine recommendations for children are effective and appropriate. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine in children 2–17 years of age in 2013–2014 in the United States

Vaccine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herve Caspard ◽  
Manjusha Gaglani ◽  
Lydia Clipper ◽  
Edward A. Belongia ◽  
Huong Q. McLean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the live attenuated and the inactivated influenza vaccine in two-year-olds – a nationwide cohort study Finland, influenza season 2015/16

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Nohynek ◽  
Ulrike Baum ◽  
Ritva Syrjänen ◽  
Niina Ikonen ◽  
Jonas Sundman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Trivalent Vaccine

Although widely recommended, influenza vaccination of children is part of the national vaccination programme only in few countries. In addition to Canada and the United States (US), in Europe Finland and the United Kingdom have introduced live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for healthy children in their programmes. On 22 June 2016, the US Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices, voted against further use of LAIV due to no observed vaccine effectiveness (VE) over three consecutive influenza seasons (2013/14 to 2015/16). We summarise the results of a nationwide, register-based cohort study (N=55,258 of whom 8,086 received LAIV and 4,297 TIV); all outcome (laboratory-confirmed influenza), exposure (vaccination) and confounding variable data were retrieved from four computerised national health registers, which were linked via a unique personal identity code assigned to all permanent Finnish residents regardless of nationality. Our study provides evidence of moderate effectiveness against any laboratory-confirmed influenza of the quadrivalent LAIV vaccine (VE: 51%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 28–66%) as well as the inactivated trivalent vaccine (VE: 61%; 95% CI: 31–78%) among two-year-olds during the influenza season 2015/16 in Finland. Based on these data, Finland will continue using LAIV for young children in its National Immunisation Programme this coming influenza season.

scholarly journals Successes and failures of the live-attenuated influenza vaccine, can we do better?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Matrajt ◽  
M. Elizabeth Halloran ◽  
Rustom Antia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

Live-attenuated vaccines are usually highly effective against many acute viral infections. However, the effective- ness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) can vary widely, ranging from 0% effectiveness in some studies done in the United States to 50% in studies done in Europe. The reasons for these discrepancies remain largely unclear. In this paper we use mathematical models to explore how the efficacy of LAIV is affected by the degree of mismatch with the currently circulating influenza strain and interference with pre-existing immunity. The model incorporates two key antigenic distances - the distance between pre-existing immunity and the currently circulating strain as well as the LAIV strain. Our models show that a LAIV that is matched with the currently circulating strain is likely to have only modest efficacy. Our results suggest that the efficacy of the vaccine would be increased (optimized) if, rather than being matched to the circulating strain, it is antigenically slightly further from pre-existing immunity compared with the circulating strain. The models also suggest two regimes in which LAIV that is matched to circulating strains may provide effective protection. The first is in children before they have built immunity from circulating strains. The second is in response to novel strains (such as antigenic shifts) which are at substantial antigenic distance from previously circulating strains. Our models provide an explanation for the variation in vaccine effectiveness, both between children and adults as well as between studies of vaccine effectiveness observed during the 2014-15 influenza season in different countries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document