European language policy and English as a lingua franca: a critique of Van Parijs’s ‘linguistic justice’

Multilingua ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168
Author(s):  
Juan Jiménez-Salcedo

Abstract This article analyzes the legislation of the two territories that have the most advanced legal framework regarding language policies towards Catalan: Andorra and Catalonia. The study of the legislation in relation to contexts of social and institutional use shows how this legal framework is not sufficient to change Catalan from being a minoritized language, since the phenomenon of minoritization is innate to the ecosystem in which languages develop. This ecosystem is conditioned by the presence of Castilian as a lingua franca on both sides of the border between Andorra and Catalonia. In the case of Andorra, its status as a cross-border microstate makes it a plurilingual space with Castilian as a socially cross-cutting language; moreover, the fact that until recently there was no network of state schools hindered Catalan language normalisation efforts. Catalonia, on the other hand, is an even more complex example on account of how the implementation of llengua pròpia policy contradicts the constitutional control the Spanish state exercises on this.


Author(s):  
Bengt-Arne Wickström ◽  
Torsten Templin ◽  
Michele Gazzola

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (S1) ◽  
pp. S29-S49
Author(s):  
Gary F BELL

AbstractThis article addresses three questions. First, what is the effect on the civil law in Asia of young (and old) academics adopting English, the language of the common law, as a second language – rather than a civil law language, either a Continental European language (French, German etc), or another Asian civil law language (Japanese, Chinese etc)? Second, what is the effect on the civil law of civil law jurists pursuing their graduate studies not only in English but also in common law jurisdictions, rather than in civil law jurisdictions and returning home to become academics or practicing lawyers in civil law jurisdictions? Finally, since English is the lingua franca of civil law jurists in Asia, how can we adapt English to the civil law so as to make English one of our civil law languages?


1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Andrea Chiti-Batelli

SUMMARY The Study of English—A European Problem: A New Cybernetic Pedagogical Proposal English is progressively becoming the de facto lingua franca of the entire world. Whereas the imposition of Latin by the Romans took centuries, the imposition of English may be accomplished in only one or two generations, for English has at its disposal not only the political and economic strength of the English-speaking countries, but also the even more decisive strength of the mass media. This spread of English poses a danger to non-English cultures, for English is a living language, and a living language is not a neutral and aseptic instrument of communication. As the expression, the bearer of a Weltanschauung, it is intolerent and will tend to replace all other Weltanschauungen with its own. The only rational response to this danger is a radical one, the introduction, as a lingua franca, of a language without the destructive capacity of English, a language that is not anyone's mother tongue and does not have the cultural and political force of a people or a state behind it. What is needed is a language that is both neutral and adaptable. Only a planned language can meet these needs, and, of all the planned languages, only Esperanto has been in use long enough and has sufficient "infrastructure" (i.e., a wide-ranging literature and a considerable number of speakers) to be equal to the task. This article suggests that the main obstacle to worldwide acceptance of Esperanto is not the sociological strength of English but the widespread subconscious and distressing feeling that the use of an invented language, completely lacking in historical traditions, would signify, both individually and collectively, a radical "loss of identity." A way out of this dilemma, the author believes, is offered by modern linguistic cybernetic research, which suggests that the study of Esperanto is the best and most practical preparation for the study of a living language in general, an Indo-European language in particular, and English most particularly. The author proposes that the study of Esperanto be introduced, not as an end in itself, but as a means of learning English more easily and successfully. This solution is further discussed in the context of the European Federation. RESUMO Studi la anglan ekde la elementa lernejo—Eùropa problemo: Nova pedagogia-kibernetika propono La angla lingvo iompostiome farigas la efektiva lingua franca de la tuta mondo. Kvankam la romianoj bezonis kelkajn jarcentojn por altrudi la latinan lingvon, la altrudo de la angla eble efektivigos en nur unu aŭ du generacioj, car la angla lingvo disponas ne nur pri la politika kaj ekonomia forto de la anglalingvaj landoj, sed ankaŭ pri la ec pli decida forto de la amasmedioj. Tiu disvastiĝo de la angla prezentas dangeron por neanglaj kulturoj, car la angla estas vivanta lingvo, kaj vivanta lingvo ne estas neŭtrala kaj asepsa instrumento de komunikado. Kiel la esprimilo, la portanto de mondkoncepto, ĝi estas netolerema kaj emos anstataŭigi ciujn aliajn mondkonceptojn per la propra. La sola racia respondo al tiu ci dangero estas radikala: la enkonduko, kiel lingua franca, de lingvo, kiu ne posedas la detrukapablon de la angla, lingvo, kiu estas nenies denaska lingvoi kaj ne havas la kulturan kaj politikan forton de iu popolo aŭ stato malantaù si. Oni bezonas lingvon kaj neŭtralan kaj adapteblan. Nur planlingvo povas respondi al tiuj bezonoj, kaj, el ciuj eblaj planlingvoj, nur Esperanto havas sufice longan historion de utiligo kaj posedas sufican substrukturon (t.e. vasta literaturo kaj konsider-inda nombro da parolantoj) por plenumi la taskon. Tiu ci artikolo sugestas, ke la cefa obstaklo al tutmonda akceptigo de Esperanto ne estas la sociologia forteco de la angla, sed la large disvastigita subkonscia kaj mal-trankviliga sento, ke utiligo de inventita lingvo, al kiu komplete mankas historiaj tradicioj, signifus, kaj ce la kolektivo, radikalan "perdon de identeco." Eliron el tiu dilemo, laû la aŭtoro, proponas moderna lingvistika kibernetika esplorado, kiu sugestas, ke la studado de Esperanto estas la plej bona kaj plej praktika preparo por studi ciun ajn vivantan lingvon, precipe hindeuropan lingvon, kaj tute precipe la anglan. La aŭtoro proponas, ke oni enkonduku la studadon de Esperanto, ne kiel celo en si mem, sed kiel ilo por lerni la anglan pli facile kaj sukcese. Tiun solvon oni diskutas pli détale en la kunteksto de eùropa federaciigo.


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