6. The linguistic classification of Formosan languages

Siraya ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muxtasar Muminova

Таржима илми ва амалиётида ўгириш қийин бўлган сўзлар бир талай. Уларнинг асосийлари миллий ўзига хос сўзлар бўлиб, халқаро терминда реалиялар дейилади. Бу муаммоларнинг ечими, уларнинг таснифи ва тавсифи таржима назариясида ўрганилмоқда. Умумий қонун-қоидалар билан бирга ҳар бир тил жуфтлигида махсус қоидалар ишлаб чиқилмоғи лозим. Чет тиллардан ўзбек тилига ўгирилаётган асарларда ана шу муаммолар ҳанузгача таржимонлар ва муҳаррирларнинг бошини қотириб келмоқда. Ушбу мақолада асосан бошқа тиллардаги атоқли отлар тоифасига кирувчи киши номлари таржимаси ва ўзбек тилида ёзилиши ҳақида фикр юритамиз.  


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-144
Author(s):  
Michael Erdman

AbstractThe current work is an exploration of the life and linguistic scholarship of the Crimean Tatar linguist Bekir Çobanzade. In it, I pay particular attention to the impact of the author's socio-political environment, especially the rise of Stalinism, on his works relating to the history and classification of the Turkic languages. I demonstrate how these circumstances compelled Çobanzade to perform an intellectual migration, from an indigenous Turkic ontology focused on the structural wholeness of the Turkic languages to a rigid application of Marxist-Leninist concepts of socially-determined linguistic classification. I do this with the help of monographs and journal articles published in Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish, Azerbaijani and Russian, problematizing the multitude of his audiences and loyalties. As such, Çobanzade's story becomes a microcosm of the experience of a broader generation of Turkic writers and scholars. It was a generation that sought to take the greatest benefit from the monumental changes following World War I, and ended up being consumed by the totalitarian state that emerged in its wake. Çobanzade is one victim of many whose scholarly oeuvre can open a window to a heady and bygone period of experimentation and change.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. e019018
Author(s):  
Zachary O’Hagan ◽  
Natalia Chousou-Polydouri ◽  
Lev Michael

The question of where Proto-Tupí-Guaraní (PTG) was spoken has been a point of considerable debate. Both northeastern and southwestern Amazonian homelands having been proposed, with evidence from both archaeology and linguistic classification playing key roles in this debate. In this paper we demonstrate that the application of linguistic migration theory to a recent phylogenetic classification of the Tupí-Guaraní family lends strong support to a northeastern Amazonian homeland.


Africa ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diedrich Westermann

Professor Greenberg, in his series of linguistic studies, writes: ‘From the present series there will emerge a complete genetic reclassification of the languages of Africa. These results are so at variance from the commonly accepted scheme that a brief methodological foreword seems in order.’ This is a clear and frank statement and a great promise. Until now, in spite of several attempts, no satisfactory classification of African languages has existed. Though it may seem natural not to be satisfied with an analysis of individual languages but to aim at a synthesis, to see the whole and its interrelations, there was in many quarters a definite aversion from a holistic approach; it was even said to be more important to stress the differences than to try to find relationships. It is certainly necessary to study each single language in all its peculiarities, but it is wrong to maintain that a comparative investigation should not be undertaken until every African language has been analysed; that would defer the matter ad kalendas graecas. It is not necessary to analyse every Bantu language in order to show the characteristic features of Bantu languages and their relation to other languages. We are grateful to Professor Greenberg for his attempt, which reveals a familiarity with the problem and a sound and extensive knowledge of many African languages. Though not every point he makes is new, yet he indicates new roads and provides food for reflection and discussion.


Author(s):  
Stefan Dienst

ABSTRACT The Arawan language family of south-western Amazonia was named after the extinct Arawá language, which is only known from a short wordlist collected by William Chandless in 1867. This paper investigates what Chandless’s list tells us about the position of Arawá within the family and what can currently be said about the relationship between the living Arawan languages.KEYWORDS: Arawan, historical linguistics, linguistic classification. RESUMO A família lingüística Arawá do sudoeste da Amazônia recebeu o nome de uma língua extinta que é conhecida somente a partir de uma curta lista de palavras coletada por William Chandless em 1867. Este artigo examina o que a lista de Chandless revela sobre a posição da língua Arawá dentro da família e o que se pode dizer atualmente sobre a relação entre as línguas vivas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arawá, lingüística histórica, classificação lingüística


2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-553
Author(s):  
Marina Grishakova

The problem of the observer and point of view is examined within the broad semiological and cognitive perspective. Structuralist narratology made an attempt of a formal-linguistic classification of points of view to avoid anthropomorphic-visual connotations inherent in narratological terminology. The alternative opportunity would be the usage of terms-metaphors as theoretical models. From the point of view of the observer, the process of text generation evolves in the double space of perception/conception and interpretation. Instead of comparing different media in terms of the privileged metalanguage, it would be more fruitful to base the comparison upon their immanent cognitive characteristics.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1341-1346

The three major elements or fertilizers of the soil are Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K). These three elements are necessary for the plants development and increase the productiveness of the soil. The trend for categorizing soil quality for the diversity of usages is by calculating the Soil Fertility Indexes (SFI). In this paper, we have created a fuzzy control system using scikit-learn-fuzzy or skfuzzy (Fuzzy Logic Toolbox for Python) for Soil quality and fertility assessment, based on fuzzy rules to suggest suitable nutrients for the crops and relate to linguistic classification of soil excellence with degree of confidence in Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India.


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